Some people actually believe that disabilities impose certain limitations on those who have them. But is this really so? This post will tell about those who did not give up, overcame difficulties and won!
Helen Adams Keller
She became the first deaf and blind woman to earn a college degree.
Stevie Wonder
One of the most famous singers and musicians of our time, Stevie Wonder suffered from blindness from birth.
Lenin Moreno
Vice President of Ecuador from 2007 to 2013, Lenin Moreno, moved in a wheelchair, since both legs were paralyzed after the assassination attempt.
Marlee Matlin
With her role in Children of a Lesser God, Marley became the first and only deaf actress to win an Oscar for Best Actress.
Ralph Brown
Ralf, born with muscle wasting, became the founder of Braun Corporation, a leading manufacturer of cars equipped for people with disabilities. It was this company that, as a result of its work, created a minivan that is fully adapted for people with disabilities.
Frida Kahlo
One of the most famous Mexican artists of the 20th century, Frida was in an accident when she was still a teenager and severely injured her back. She never fully recovered. Also, as a child, she contracted polio, which left her leg deformed. Despite all this, she managed to achieve amazing success in the fine arts: some of her most famous works became self-portraits in a wheelchair.
Sudha Chandran
Famous Indian dancer and actress, Sudha lost her leg, which was amputated in 1981 as a result of a car accident.
John Hockenberry
Becoming a journalist for NBC in the 1990s, John was one of the first journalists to appear on television in a wheelchair. At the age of 19, he injured his spine in a car accident and since then has been forced to move only in a wheelchair.
Stephen William Hawking
Despite being diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis at age 21, Stephen Hawking is one of the world's leading physicists today.
Bethany Hamilton
Bethany lost her arm in a shark attack in Hawaii at the age of 13. But this didn’t stop her, and she was back on the board after 3 weeks. The story of Bethany Hamilton formed the basis of the film "Soul Surfer".
Marla Runyan
Marla is an American runner and the first blind athlete to officially compete in the Olympic Games.
Ludwig van Beethoven
Despite the fact that from the age of 26 Beethoven began to gradually lose his hearing, he continued to write amazingly beautiful music. And most of his most famous works were created when he was already completely deaf.
Christopher Reeve
The most famous Superman of all time, Christopher Reeve was left completely paralyzed in 1995 after being thrown from a horse. Despite this, he continued his career - he was engaged in directing. In 2002, Christopher died while working on the cartoon "Winner".
John Forbes Nash
John Nash, famous American mathematician, laureate Nobel Prize in economics, whose biography formed the basis of the film “A Beautiful Mind,” suffered from paranoid schizophrenia.
Vincent van Gogh
It is impossible to say with complete certainty what kind of disease Van Gogh suffered from, but it is known for certain that during his life he was admitted to psychiatric hospitals more than once.
Christy Brown
An Irish artist and writer, Christie was diagnosed with cerebral palsy - he could write, type and draw with only one leg.
Jean-Dominique Bauby
The famous French journalist Jean-Dominique suffered a heart attack in 1995 at the age of 43. After 20 days in a coma, he woke up and found that he could only blink his left eye. Doctors diagnosed him with locked-in syndrome, a disorder in which a person's body is paralyzed but mental activity is completely preserved. He died 2 years later, but during the time he was in a coma, he managed to dictate an entire book, blinking only his left eye.
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein is rightfully considered one of the greatest minds in human history. Even though he had serious problems with the assimilation of information and did not even speak until he was 3 years old.
John Milton
The English writer and poet became completely blind at the age of 43, but this did not stop him, and he created one of his most famous works, Paradise Lost.
Horatio Nelson
A British Royal Navy officer, Lord Nelson is known as one of the most prominent military leaders of his time. Despite the fact that he lost both arms and an eye in one of the battles, he continued to achieve victories until his death in 1805.
Tanny Gray-Thompson
Born with spina bifida, Tunney gained worldwide fame as a successful wheelchair racing competitor.
Francisco Goya
The famous Spanish artist lost his hearing at the age of 46, but continued to do his favorite thing and created works that largely defined the fine arts of the 19th century.
Sarah Bernhardt
The French actress lost both legs as a result of amputation following a knee injury, but did not stop performing and working in the theater until her death. Today she is considered one of the most significant actresses in the history of French theatrical art.
Franklin Roosevelt
The President of the United States of America, who led the country during World War II, suffered from polio in early childhood and was forced to use a wheelchair as a result. In public, however, he was never seen wearing it, he always appeared supported on both sides, since he could not walk on his own.
Nick Vujicic
Born without arms or legs, Nick grew up in Australia and, despite all the obstacles, learned things like skateboarding and even surfing. Today he travels the world and speaks to large audiences with motivational sermons.
INTRODUCTION
Modern man in a complex, contradictory society is faced with a lot of situations that require him to assess his situation and make optimal decisions. The complexity of modern society constantly puts it in conditions of uncertainty, when it is difficult to assess the situation and make right choice. This situation of modern man is just one of many reasons that create the need to study the world of people around him and their behavior.
Man is a very complex creature, which, in addition to special ones, also has properties that unite it with other creatures. Thus, man is a biological being and obeys the laws of nature. As a biological being, he is the result of a long evolution and has a number of certain characteristics, as well as the ability to adapt to various situations in order to survive as a species. But man is a being endowed with a psyche. His mental properties and his life are the result of biopsychological evolution, in which work activity occupies a significant place. Finally, man is a social being, formed in the course of social development.
Sociology proceeds from the fact that man is a natural being, but not just a natural being, but a human natural being, and that human nature cannot be explained only naturalistically, for man is not only a product of socio-historical development, but also creates society through relationships, in which he enters.
Sociology, trying to explain human society as a special part of nature that arose as a result of the interaction of people, trying to give a sociological concept of man, discovers and points out, first of all, those features of a person that make him a man, which are essential and from which all his other features flow. Based on the understanding of man as a practical being, his characteristics are: creativity, freedom and sociality.
Creativity is a characteristic feature of a person. Through it, a person produces something that has not existed before, realizing his preliminary plan. Creativity is a subjective act in which the subject hesitates himself in the process of creation. In fact, in the process of creativity, creation, a person transforms the world of values into the world of reality. Therefore, man is not only a being who thinks, but also a being who creates.
Freedom as an essential property of a person is inseparable from creativity. For only a free subject can manifest and realize himself in creativity, just as freedom lies in the possibility of creativity. Freedom consists of choosing between two several possibilities. However, it is necessary to distinguish the psychological side of choice from its spiritual side, i.e. from choice, in which a person manifests himself as a being who creates spiritual creations and makes a choice not only on the basis of psychological freedom, but also on the basis and under the influence of the spiritual creations he creates.
Sociality is that property of a person that has highest value for sociology. A person inevitably gravitates towards society, since he cannot express and realize himself without another person. In fact, a person needs the company of other people in order to prove himself as a human being. In the same way, all human properties are directed towards other people and exist because other people exist. At the same time, sociology, while studying the sociality of man, inherent in human nature and created in society, has no right to forget about man’s self-awareness, his freedom and creativity.
In addition to those listed, there are a number of human properties that characterize him as a unique being. The most significant of these properties are a person’s ability to use signs and communication (with the help of signs, and above all - with the help of language), the ability to be responsible and behave in accordance with the norms he creates. Therefore, sociology, while studying the emergence of society and man, also studies the emergence of these properties (by which man differs from other creatures), trying to find out to what extent these properties or their rudiments were inherent to primitive man, and in what way they are the result of human life in society.
From the point of view of sociology, a person can be defined as a social being who, through his active relationship to nature, realizes himself as a creative, free subject, uniting with other people and living in social groups in which he provides the conditions for his biological and social existence.
Main part
Man from a man's point of view
The ability to think about oneself is a specific property of a person, a manifestation of his rationality.
Man, the highest level of living organisms on earth, is a subject of socio-historical activity and culture. Man is the subject of study in various fields of knowledge: sociology, psychology, physiology, pedagogy, medicine, etc.
Human nature can manifest itself in very diverse ways, but in some way the fundamental property, the quality of a person, is certainly revealed. To comprehend the essence means, from the point of view of philosophy, to reveal that main feature(or several) characteristic of a person.
The question of the nature (essence) of man, his origin and purpose, man’s place in the world is one of the main problems in the history of philosophical thought. In ancient Chinese, Indian, and Greek philosophy, man is thought of as a part of the cosmos, a certain unified super-temporal “order” and “structure” of being (nature), as a “small world,” a microcosm (Democritus) – a reflection and symbol of the Universe, the macrocosm. Nature was understood as a living organism, and man as a combination of different elements, or elements of the “cosmos”. One of the ancient Chinese sages said: “Between Heaven and Earth, man is most precious.” At the same time, the world was not created for the sake of man, therefore man has no right to dictate his will to nature. He is recognized to follow naturalness, to “order” in extreme cases, to overcome failures that occur from time to time, but he is responsible for his actions at the highest “cosmic” level.
Man contains all the basic elements (elements) of the cosmos, consists of body and soul (body, soul, spirit), considered as two aspects of a single reality (Aristotelianism) or as two dissimilar substances (Platonism). In the doctrine of the transmigration of souls, developed by Indian philosophy, the boundary between living beings (plants, animals, humans, gods) turns out to be mobile; however, only man has the inherent desire for “liberation” from the shackles of empirical existence with its law of karma - samsara. The essence of this teaching is that the soul of a person after his death does not die, but finds another refuge. What exactly it will be embodied in depends on the person’s behavior in his present life: for a mental sin - into a representative of a lower caste, for a verbal sin - into an animal, for a sinful act - into an inanimate object. To man and only to man was attributed the desire and ability to free himself from predetermination through moral nobility, emancipation of the soul, which makes it possible to achieve greatness.
Ancient philosophy enriched science with an understanding of the differences between the laws of nature and the human world. A contradiction was highlighted: “ immutable laws nature - changeable human institutions." Man as a spiritual-physical being was the main content of the entire ancient Greek culture, especially during its heyday. The philosopher Heraclitus stated: “The most beautiful of monkeys is the ugliest, if you compare it with the human race,” “The wisest of people, in comparison with God, will seem like a monkey in wisdom, and in beauty, and in everything else.” And the Greek gods themselves appear majestic and at the same time humane.
Greek philosophy, which proclaimed the thesis about man as the measure of everything that exists, was guided by his mind and called for self-knowledge. The saying “Know thyself,” carved at the entrance to the temple of Apollo in Delphi, was one of the guiding principles in the development of the human sciences.
In Christianity, the biblical concept of man as “the image and likeness of God,” internally divided as a result of the Fall, is combined with the doctrine of the union of the divine and human nature of the person of Christ and possibility. Such a connection opened up the possibility of each person’s internal communion with divine grace, overcoming the sinfulness and mortality of the body through the immortality of the soul.
The Renaissance gave science an idea of the limitlessness of human creative possibilities. The idea of the philosopher of the 15th century. Pico della Mirandola was that man occupies a special position in the universe, since he is involved in everything earthly and heavenly, from the lowest to the highest. Combined with freedom of choice, a person’s destiny gives him creativity self-determination. The human creator is likened to God. During this period, philosophers admired man and proclaimed hymns to his intelligence, talents, and creativity.
In subsequent eras, ideas about man expanded and enriched. In the seventeenth century. Descartes expressed the idea that the only reliable evidence of human existence is thinking (“I think, therefore I am”). It is from this thesis that the idea of rationality as a specific feature of a person, his essence, leads the line. Descartes came up with the idea that a living body is a kind of machine, which, on the one hand, experiences the influence of consciousness, and on the other, is capable of influencing it.
For a representative of classical German philosophy of the 18th century. I. Kant’s question “What is a person? ” is formulated as the main question of philosophy, and man appears as a being belonging to two different worlds - natural necessity and moral freedom. In German philosophy of the 18th-19th centuries. The leading idea was the idea of man as the creator of spiritual life, culture, the bearer of a universal ideal principle - spirit or mind.
The Marxist-Leninist analysis of the problem of man involves identifying the social essence, the specific historical determination of his consciousness and activity, various historical forms of human existence and his way of life, etc.
The social history of man was preceded by his natural prehistory: the beginnings of productive activity in apes, the development of herd relations in higher animals, the development of sound and motor means of signaling. Marxism considers labor to be the determining condition for the implementation of these prerequisites for the formation of man, the emergence of which marked the transformation of the ape into man. Man, unlike animals, does not simply adapt to fundamental changes in the conditions of his existence, but, uniting in joint work, transforms them in accordance with his ever-growing needs, creating a world of material and spiritual culture. Culture is created by man to the same extent that man himself is formed by culture.
The man is living system, representing the unity of the physical and spiritual, natural and social, hereditary and lifetime acquired. As a living organism, a person is included in the natural connection of phenomena and obeys biological laws; at the level of the conscious psyche and personality, a person is turned to social existence with its specific laws. The morphological, physical organization of man is the highest level of organization of matter in the part of the universe known to us. Man crystallizes in himself everything that has been accumulated by humanity over the centuries. This crystallization is carried out both through familiarization with cultural tradition and through the mechanism of biological heredity. The child inherits the stock genetic information through the specifically human structure of the body, the structure of the brain, nervous system, inclinations. However, natural inclinations develop and are realized only in the conditions of a social lifestyle in the process of communication between a child and adults.
The manifestation of biological patterns of human life is socially conditioned. Human life is determined by a single system of conditions, which includes both biological and social elements. At the same time, the biological components of this unified system play the role of only necessary conditions, and not the driving forces of development. A person’s actions, his way of thinking and feelings depend on objective historical conditions, in which he lives, on the characteristics of that social group, class, whose interests he consciously or unconsciously represents. The content of a person’s spiritual life and the laws of his life are not hereditarily programmed. But this cannot be said about some potential abilities for creative activity, about individual characteristics talents that are formed by society, but on the basis of hereditary inclinations.
Before every person entering life lies the world of things and social formations in which the activities of previous generations are embodied and objectified. It is this humanized world, in which every object and process is charged with human meaning, social function, purpose, that surrounds man. At the same time, the achievements of human culture are not given to a person in a ready-made form in the objective conditions that embody them, but are only given in them. Mastering social, historically established forms of activity is the main condition and decisive mechanism for the individual development of a person. In order to make these forms his personal abilities and part of his individuality, a person from early childhood is introduced into such communication with adults, which is expressed in the form of imitation, teaching and learning. As a result of this, an individually developing person acquires the ability to act intelligently with tools, with various kinds of symbols, words, ideas and concepts, with the entire set of social norms.
In the process of introducing culture, a person develops mechanisms of self-control, expressed in the ability to regulate a wide range of drives and instincts through volitional efforts. This self-control is essentially social control. The more intensively humanity develops, the more complex the problems of education and upbringing, the formation of a person as an individual, become.
Historically established norms of law, morality, everyday life, rules of thinking and grammar, aesthetic tastes shape human behavior and mind, making an individual a representative of a certain way of life, culture and psychology. Each individual person is a unique individual and at the same time he carries within himself a certain generic essence. He acts as a person when he achieves self-awareness, understanding of his social functions, understanding oneself as a subject of the historical process. The formation of personality is associated with the process of social differentiation, the separation of an individual from a collective as personal rights and responsibilities develop.
Individual and individuality
How often do you hear about a noticeable person who stands out among others: “He is an individual!” The concept of individual is close in sound to this word. In everyday speech, these words are used as equivalent. However, science distinguishes them by meaning.
The concept of individual was first used in his writings by the ancient Roman scientist and politician Cicero. So he translated the word “atom” from the Greek, which meant indivisible and referred to the smallest and indivisible, according to ancient philosophers, components of the surrounding world. The term “individual” characterizes a person as one of the people. This term also means how typical the signs of a certain community are for its different representatives (Tsar Ivan the Terrible).
Both meanings of the term “individual” are interrelated and describe a person from the point of view of his originality and peculiarity. This means that the characteristics depend on society, on the conditions in which this or that representative of the human race was formed.
The term “individuality” makes it possible to characterize the differences between a person and other people, implying not only appearance, but also the entire set of socially significant qualities. Each person is individual, although the degree of this originality may vary. The painter, sculptor, architect, scientist, engineer Leonardo da Vinci, statesman, historian, poet, military theorist Niccolo Machiavelli was distinguished by originality, originality, and vibrant originality. They can be classified as individuals and personalities. The word “personality,” which is similar in meaning, is usually accompanied by the epithets “strong” and “energetic.” This emphasizes independence, the ability to show energy, and not lose face.
The concept of “individuality” in biology refers to specific traits inherent in a particular individual or organism due to a combination of hereditary and acquired properties. In psychology, individuality is understood as a holistic characteristic of a particular person through his temperament, character, interests, intelligence, needs and abilities.
Philosophy considers individuality as the unique originality of any phenomenon, including both natural and social.
If an individual is considered as a representative of a community, then individuality is considered as the uniqueness of a person’s manifestations, emphasizing the uniqueness, versatility and harmony, naturalness and ease of his activities. Thus, the typical and unique is embodied in a unity in man.
To understand the difference between the terms “individual” and “individuality”, let’s look at an example. On March 20, 1809, in Sorochintsy, a son was born into the family of landowner Vasily Gogol - Yanovsky, baptized with the name Nikolai. This was one of the landowner's sons born on this day, named Nicholas, that is, an individual. If he had died on his birthday, he would have remained in the memory of his loved ones as an individual. The newborn was distinguished by characteristics characteristic only of him (height, hair color, eyes, body structure). According to those who knew Gogol from birth, he was very thin and weak. Later, he developed traits associated with growing up, learning, and an individual lifestyle - he began to read early, wrote poetry from the age of 5, studied diligently at the gymnasium, and became a writer whose work was followed by reading Russia. A bright individuality manifested itself in him, that is, those traits, properties, signs that distinguished Gogol.
However, Gogol’s personality was manifested not only in the uniqueness of his individual traits. He embodied a certain type of personality and was himself an extraordinary person.
3. Individual and society
Trying to discover the laws of society, to find out the laws by which a person lives and develops, sociology is interested in the relationship that exists between society and the individual.
There are various theories that reduce societies to individuals or consider the individual as just a part, a “molecule” of society. Man and society are dialectically interconnected. They cannot be considered in isolation, separately from each other: there is no society without a person, but a person exists only in society. Man, in his relationship to nature, creates himself as a social being and at the same time creates history, which is why history is nothing more than the activity of a person realizing his goals. In essence, the relationship between man and society is fundamentally determined by the fact that man as a human being manifests himself, revealing his generic essence in the process of labor, which is possible only in the conditions of society, that is, when the behavior of many individuals is interconnected, in the process of production, when people change the existing and create a new one, influencing each other and creating each other and themselves.
The essence of society lies in the mutual relations and mutual activities of individuals, and the essence of man is the totality of social relations. The individual and society are two sides of one phenomenon - the social history of mankind.
The relationship between man and society is complex. This complexity of the influence of a person on society and society on a person stems from the fact that a person as a separate individual is born with certain mental inclinations, which only develop in society during life in a social group and through the development of which the individual becomes a person.
4.Personality
The concept of “personality” is inextricably linked with the social properties of a person. Outside of society, an individual cannot become an individual (for then there is nothing or no one to compare his properties with), much less a personality.
The Philosophical Encyclopedia defines personality as follows: it is a human individual as a subject of relationships and conscious activity. Another meaning is a stable system of socially significant traits that characterizes an individual as a member of a particular society.
Both definitions emphasize the connections between the individual, the individual and society. There are two approaches to personality in science.
The first considers the essential (most important for understanding a person) characteristics. Here the personality acts as an active participant in free actions, as a subject of knowledge of changing the world. Personal qualities are recognized as those that determine the lifestyle and self-esteem of individual characteristics. Other people certainly evaluate a person through comparison with the norms established in society. A person with intelligence constantly evaluates himself. At the same time, self-esteem can change depending on the manifestation of the individual and the social conditions in which he operates.
The second direction of studying personality considers it through a set of functions, or roles. A person, acting in society, manifests himself in a variety of circumstances, depending not only on individual traits, but also on social conditions. For example, relationships in a family require some actions from its older members in the clan system, and others in modern society.
A person can simultaneously carry out actions while performing different roles - worker, family man, athlete, etc. He performs actions, manifests himself actively and consciously. He may be a more or less skilled worker, a caring or indifferent family member, a persistent or lazy athlete, etc. Personality is characterized by the manifestation of activity, while impersonal existence allows for “swimming by chance.”
Personality as a unity of characteristics and properties is formed as a result of the interaction of the organism and the social environment. The most important properties of a personality is its creative ability, which manifests itself in the ability to change outside world, as well as in the internal need for creativity, sociality, which reflects inclusion in a social collective and the social character of human nature, subjectivity - the expression of a unique individuality and integrity, which expresses an organization with all psychosocial characteristics and which ensure the relative unity of behavior in various situations. People establish relationships and coordinate their behavior as individuals, and in this interconnected behavior the individual’s personal qualities, such as conscience, character, and attitudes to social values, are manifested. Thus, what individuals are as individuals has great implications for the nature of the relationships they establish in society through their interrelated behavior.
On the other hand, society, more or less organized, influences every individual through special institutions, i.e. on personality formation. It is in society that the process of transforming a biological individual into a personality unfolds. This process is called socialization.
5. Socialization of the individual.
It is known that a hundred babies enter into big world as a biological organism and its main concern at this moment is its own physical comfort. After some time, the child becomes a human being with a complex of attitudes and values, with likes and dislikes, goals and intentions, patterns of behavior and responsibility, as well as a uniquely individual repetition of the world. A person achieves this state through a process called socialization. During this process, the individual becomes a human person. Socialization is the process by which an individual establishes the norms of his group in such a way that through the formation of his own self, the uniqueness of this individual as a person is manifested.
Socialization is the process of unorganized and organized influence of society on an individual with the aim of forming a personality that meets the needs of a given society.
The isolation of the individual, first from the physical world, and then from the social world, is a rather complex process that continues throughout life. The child learns to differentiate between other people by their names. He realizes that a man is a father, a woman is a mother. So gradually his consciousness moves from names that characterize statuses (for example, the status of a man) to specific names designating individual individuals, including himself. At the age of about one and a half years, the child begins to use the concept of “I”, while realizing that he is becoming a separate human being. Continuing to accumulate social experience, the child forms images of various personalities, including the image of his own self. All further formation of a person as an individual is the construction of his own self on the basis of constant comparison of himself with other personalities. In this way, a gradual creation of a personality is carried out with unique internal qualities and, at the same time, with perceived common ones for it. social environment qualities that are learned through group communication.
If a child in childhood was deprived of a human environment and was brought up among animals, then, as shown by the study of such individuals’ perception of themselves as a separate being in the world around them, they do not have their own self. They completely lack the idea of themselves as a separate, separate being in a series other creatures like them. Moreover, such individuals cannot perceive their differences and similarities with other individuals. In this case, a human being cannot be considered a person.
The famous American psychologist C. Cooley set himself the task of exploring the process of a person’s gradual understanding of distinguishing his Self from other personalities. As a result of numerous studies, he determined that the development of the concept of one’s own Self occurs during a long, contradictory and confusing process and cannot be carried out without the participation of other individuals, i.e. without a social environment. Every person, by assumption. C. Cooley builds his Self based on the reactions he perceives of other people with whom he comes into contact. For example, a girl’s parents and friends tell her that she is pretty and looks great. If these statements are repeated often enough, more or less constantly and by different people, then the girl eventually feels pretty and acts like a beautiful creature. But even a pretty girl will feel like an ugly duckling if... early age her parents or acquaintances will disappoint her and treat her as ugly.
Such reasoning led C. Cooley to the idea that the personal self-image is not born only in connection with objective factors. The most ordinary child, whose efforts are appreciated and rewarded, will feel a sense of confidence in his abilities and his own talent, while a truly capable and talented child, whose efforts are perceived by those closest to him as unsuccessful, will feel a painful sense of incompetence and his abilities may be almost paralyzed. It is through relationships with other people, through their assessments, that each person determines whether he is smart or stupid, attractive or ugly, worthy or worthless.
University of Chicago professor, philosopher, sociologist and social psychologist J. Mead developed a theory that explains the essence of the process of an individual’s perception of other personalities and developed the concept of the “generalized other,” which to a certain extent complements and develops the theory of the mirror self. In accordance with J. Mead’s concept, the “generalized other” represents universal values and standards behavior of a certain group that forms an individual self-image among the members of this group. In the process of communication, an individual, as it were, takes the place of other individuals and sees himself as a different person. He evaluates his actions and appearance in accordance with the presented assessments of his “generalized other.”
Each of us knows the feeling when, after an absurd incident, a person imagines with embarrassment how he looks in the eyes of others. He puts himself in their place and imagines what they think about him.
This awareness of the “generalized other” develops through the processes of “role taking” and “role playing.” Role taking is an attempt to assume the behavior of a person in another situation or in another role. Playing a role is an action associated with actual role behavior, while accepting a role pretends to be a game.
The two most commonly used terms that reflect a person's reflection of his own self and the degree of socialization of the individual are identity and self-esteem. Identity refers to the feeling of being a unique individual, separate and distinct from other individuals, or the feeling of being part of a unique group, different from other groups in the use of group values. For example, a representative of a certain nation strives for the cultural patterns of his nation, comparing them with the cultural patterns of other nations. An individual’s sense of identity with a group largely depends on individual or group needs, the satisfaction of which leads to an increase in his prestige in the eyes of the “generalized other.” People often define identity based on race, nationality, religion, or occupation. The presence of these signs in an individual may mean low or high prestige in the eyes of those who matter to the individual and who influence her behavior.
There are situations when individuals wage a difficult and often futile struggle in any field only because they identify themselves with other individuals and through their behavior strive to earn their approval and increase their prestige. Self-esteem is also socially conditioned. A person's self-respect depends on the perception of how he is evaluated by others, especially those others whose opinions are especially important to him. If this perception is favorable, the person develops a sense of self-esteem. Otherwise, he will consider himself unworthy and incapable.
The process of personal socialization occurs mainly under the influence of group experience. At the same time, a person forms his self-image based on how others think about him and how others evaluate him. In order for such perception to be successful, the person takes on the roles of others and through the eyes of these others looks at his behavior and his inner world. By forming one’s self-image, a person is socialized. However, there is not a single identical process of socialization and not a single identical personality, since the individual experience of each of them is unique and inimitable.
6. Historical figures
The concept of “historical personality” usually reflects the connection between the activities of a political leader and major historical events, on the course of which he leaves his historical imprint. The activities of historical figures can be assessed taking into account the characteristics of the period in which he lived, his moral choice, the morality of his actions; the assessment can be negative or ambiguous, taking into account the positive and negative aspects of the activity of a particular activity.
Science also knows the concept of “outstanding personality,” which characterizes the activities of people who have become the personification of radical progressive changes. “Great man,” wrote
G. Plekhanov, is great... in that he has features that make him most capable of serving the great social needs of his time... A great man is precisely a beginner, because he sees further than others and wants stronger than others.. He solves scientific problems posed on the turn of the previous course of mental development of society. It indicates new social needs created by the previous development of social relations. He takes upon himself the initiative to satisfy these needs.”
Historical figures are characterized by: the desire to serve the common good of the state and the people, selfless courage, the desire and ability necessary for this service to delve into the conditions of Russian life, into the very foundations of existing social relations, in order to find here the causes of the disasters experienced; detachment from national isolation and exclusivity; conscientiousness in all matters, including diplomacy; the desire to communicate to transformative impulses and thoughts the form of such simple, distinct and convincing plans, in the reasonableness and feasibility of which one wanted to believe, the benefits of which were obvious to everyone.
7. The spiritual world of the individual.
A person, especially in his youth, increasingly thinks about life path, strives for himself consciously, to develop himself, to educate himself. One of the philosophers called this process of human elevation “human self-construction.”
The spiritual life of people embraces the wealth of human feelings and achievements of the mind, unites both the assimilation of accumulated spiritual values and the creative creation of new ones.
A person whose spiritual life is highly developed has an important personal quality; he acquires spirituality as a desire for the height of his ideals and thoughts that determine the direction of all activities. Spirituality includes warmth and friendliness in relationships between people. Some researchers characterize spirituality as the morally oriented will and mind of a person. It is noted that the spiritual is a characteristic of practice, not just consciousness.
On the contrary, a person whose spiritual life is poorly developed is unspiritual.
The basis of spiritual life is consciousness. Consciousness is a form of mental activity and spiritual life, thanks to which a person comprehends, understands the world around him and his own place in this world, forms his attitude towards the world, determines his activities in it.
Conclusion
The idea that a person cannot live outside of society is no longer in doubt. This means that the civilized existence of man is not possible outside the culture around him. When a person is born, he does not choose, like his parents, the cultural and historical environment in which he will live his life. The condition for the normal functioning of a person and society is the mastery of knowledge, skills, and values accumulated over the course of history, since each person is a necessary link in the relay race of generations, live connection between the past and future of humanity.
Any society, any culture is not indifferent to what choice a person makes, therefore, in all centuries and to this day, a person is taught, instructed, begged, incited, threatened, scolded, encouraged, protected, suppressed, forced in a variety of ways... If a person in such a “variegated environment” " of cultural influence would submit to all calls and any pressure, then he would inevitably be drawn into the whirlwind of the house, spiritually split into hundreds and thousands of parts. But this doesn't happen.
A person can preserve his uniqueness, remain himself even in extremely contradictory conditions only if he has formed as a person. To be an individual means to have the ability to navigate a variety of knowledge and situations and to bear responsibility for one’s choices, and to be able to withstand many negative influences.
The more complex the world and the richer the palette of life aspirations, the more pressing the problem of freedom to choose one’s own position in life.
It doesn’t take much imagination to imagine how powerful a flow of information falls on a person today, with what force it affects his consciousness and feelings. In this situation, a selective attitude towards sources of information and its content becomes especially important, and such an attitude directly depends on the worldview of the individual, the degree of development of his thinking, and his system of value orientations.
The essence lies in a new formulation of fundamental questions: if previously there was a question: “What kind of person does society need? “, then today another one is added to it: “Which society fully corresponds to the capabilities of man, his egoistic and moral requirements for the convenience of comfort, and does not damage his human dignity, sense of freedom, beauty and moral satisfaction? " The universal human mind is looking for an answer to this question. But it is important for civilization that it has already been established: the person himself needs protection no less than the social and natural environment around him.
List of used literature
1. D. Markovich “General Sociology”
Rostov-on-Don, Rostov University Publishing House, 1993.
2. S.S. Frolov “Fundamentals of Sociology”
Moscow, Publishing House "Yurist", 1997
3. L.N. Bogolyubova, A.Yu. Lazebnikov “Man and Society”
Moscow, Publishing House "Prosveshchenie", 1996.
4. Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary
Moscow, Publishing House "Soviet Encyclopecia", 1983.
Read the most interesting facts about a man! Find out what your body and your brain are capable of! How are we different from any other living beings?
1. Why don’t we notice anything unusual in ourselves?
2. When do superpowers appear?
3. Incredible facts about a man!
Why don't we notice anything unusual in ourselves?
Means mass media regularly notify us of people with extraordinary abilities that defy rational explanation. It has long been established that human mental abilities are enormous, and the strength of the body is amazing.
But why don't we see this in everyday life?
Except for people who, from birth, have amazing abilities, and those who develop their potential throughout life (you will find methods for developing superpowers), then we can say that most people do not have any super qualities.
However, this is not true!
When do superpowers appear?
Finding himself in extreme conditions, a person begins to show abilities that shock him. The phenomena of super strength, super speed, super reaction, etc. appear when a person’s life or the life of his loved ones is in danger.
There are cases where fragile women lifted the car after an accident to get their child.
Often in emergency situations everyone is unconsciously activated internal resources a person so that he can survive. Why not always? Because our body and consciousness are not prepared for such overloads.
And yet, even in ordinary life, some of the capabilities of our body are simply amazing. The most interesting thing is that you didn’t know about yourself until now!
Incredible facts about the person!
Below you will find 50 amazing facts about humans that are confirmed by science!
1. Human heart, is equipped with its own life support system, and therefore it can beat for some time if it is torn out of the chest.
2. Gastric juice has such a level of acidity that the mucous membrane in the stomach is renewed every four days.
3. Nasal receptors capable of recognizing almost 1 billion different aromas.
4. In sneeze time speed the outgoing air is 158-160 km/h.
5. If everything blood vessels laid out in one line, then you can wrap the equator 2.5 times, their length will be 96,560 km.
6. Daily human heart generates a huge amount of energy, enough for the truck to cover a distance of 32 km. And if we add up the energy generated over the entire life period, then this truck could cover the path to the Moon twice.
7. Skin weight, renewed throughout life, reaches 47-48 kilograms.
8. Some people claim that Andromeda is visible in the cloudless daytime sky. This proves that the human eye is capable consider a tiny luminous point at a distance of two and a half million light. years.
9. Snore sometimes reaches 78-80 decibels, which is comparable to the sound of a working pneumatic drill. Moreover, if the noise level exceeds 82-85 dB, this is considered a critical threshold for hearing.
10. General volume of saliva, developed during life, can fill two sports swimming pools.
11. Man combines 7 octillions (27 zeros) of atoms and molecules. General age All these tiny particles are more than tens of billions of years old.
13. Neuron cells they create impulses in the brain that are transmitted at a speed of 240 km/h.
14. Few people know, but, in addition to the five basic senses, a person is endowed with proprioception to her¹. This ability allows the mind to control the work of various muscle groups, evaluate relative position parts of the body relative to each other, as well as feel the volume and posture of the body. This explains why a person can accurately touch their nose without opening their eyes.
15. When a person listens to music, heart imitates her rhythm.
16. While awake, the brain produces amount of energy, which would be enough to light a light bulb.
17. Bones The human skeleton is stronger than steel. It has been established that a bone with a volume of 16 cm³ can theoretically withstand 8,600 kg.
18. Even though the bones are stronger than steel, 30% of their composition is water.
19. If compare the eye to a video camera, then the matrix resolution would be 575 megapixels.
20. Naked eye a person recognizes 10 million colors and shades.
21. If everything DNA strands in the human body, unwind in one line, it will be 16 billion km, which is equal to the path from Earth to Pluto and back.
22. If we sum up the long-term human memory throughout life, its volume will be 1 quadrillion units. inf.
23. Prefrontal cerebral cortex², responsible for social connections and communication skills, develops until the age of 40.
24. Average life expectancy reaches 68-75 years. During this time heart muscle pumps almost 180 million liters of blood, this is enough for 200 tank cars.
25. The human body produces blood cells at a speed of 178 million per hour.
26. Usually, gestational age is 9 months, but not always. The longest pregnancy lasted 12.5 months.
27. It has been established that if a pregnant woman experiences damage internal organs, her baby in the womb shares stem cells with her to restore them.
28. Scientists have calculated: to make one sha d, a person must use two hundred muscles.
29. In a person's navel Scientists have discovered about one and a half thousand species of unknown bacteria.
30. Amazing fact – growth of astronauts in zero gravity increases by 5 cm.
31. Each body cell contains up to six billion steps of human DNA.
32. Highest activity recorded during sexual intercourse. From 200 to 500 million sperm fight for the opportunity to fertilize one egg.
33. Man sleeps more than twenty years of my life.
34. Installed scientifically! If you shine the light on your knee from behind, then you can change the circadian rhythm, that is, change the pattern of wakefulness and sleep.
35. Without food The human body can live for about two months.
36. Incredible, but taste buds is not only on the surface of the tongue! It turns out that they are on the walls of the stomach and intestines, in the brain and even in the anus.
37. Neural connections arise when long-term memories are formed.
38. It has been experimentally established that the most insignificant pressure put on a person another person, can change brain function and reduce the degree of empathy and compassion.
39. If oxygen stops flowing, then brain death will start only in 4-8 minutes.
40. 60% brain- this is fat.
41. In an attempt to prevent starvation, human brain will eat itself.
42. There is an assumption that fears and phobias- These are memories inherited from ancestors genetically.
43. Emotion- nothing more than a programmed human reaction to a specific stimulus.
44. Long-term memory has the ability to create continuous and lasting changes in the structure of the brain.
45. If a person tries to display any emotion, then in a few moments he will be able to feel it!
46. Eye is able to cover only a small area of the visual field in a certain time, therefore, to create the overall picture, he needs to make 3-4 movements in 1 second.
47. Memories are not based on facts, but on imagination, so inaccurate pictures may emerge or details may arise that were not there before.
48. Forgetfulness– a protective reaction of the brain from excessive amounts of information. This helps process information and speeds up the thought process.
49. The brain works better during REM sleep. It can analyze information and remember tasks.
50. Despite all the differences, many things are the same people see from the same angle. So scientists in countries around the world invited people to draw a cup of coffee on paper. All the resulting drawings were almost identical - the cup was drawn slightly from above and slightly shifted to the side. There was not a single drawing where the cup was depicted from above.
These amazing facts about a person confirm that we not only can demonstrate superpowers in extreme conditions, but also amazing in their structure.
But how little we still know about ourselves! Until now, man remains the most unexplored and most unpredictable creature in the Universe.
Notes and feature articles for deeper understanding of the material
¹ Proprioception, proprioception - muscle sense - sensation of the position of parts own body relative to each other and in space (Wikipedia).
² The prefrontal cortex is a section of the cerebral cortex, which is the anterior part of the frontal lobes (
Interesting information about a personAs the great Russian writer Maxim Gorky said: “, the only miracle on earth, and all its other miracles are the results of the creativity of his will, mind, and imagination.” It’s hard to disagree with this statement; of course, everything is God’s will, but to deny that man is at the moment nature's most precious work, there is no point. In the process of our life, we acquire new skills, develop, but sometimes we do not know basic things about ourselves. Some of them are presented to your attention. Broaden your horizons and surprise your friends and acquaintances with the information you receive :)
1. The total weight of bacteria living in the human body is 2 kilograms.
2. A person who smokes a pack of cigarettes a day drinks half a cup of tar a year.
3. Man is the only representative of the animal world capable of drawing straight lines.
4. The length of hair on the head grown by the average person during a lifetime is 725 kilometers.
5. Blondes grow a beard faster than brunettes.
6. When a person smiles, 17 muscles “work.”
7. The surface of the lungs is about 100 square meters.
8. Human DNA contains about 80,000 genes.
9. Men are considered dwarfs if their height is below 130 cm, women - below 120 cm.
10. Leukocytes in the human body live 2–4 days, and erythrocytes - 3–4 months.
11. The names of the fingers of the French are: pous, index, major, anulaire, oriculaire.
12. Each human finger bends approximately 25 million times during a lifetime.
13. The size of a human heart is approximately equal to the value his fist. The weight of an adult human heart is 220–260 g.
14. The human body contains only 4 minerals: apatite, aragonite, calcite and cristobalite.
15. Human brain generates more electrical impulses per day than all the phones in the world combined.
16. The phenomenon in which a person loses the ability to see due to strong light is called “snow blindness.”
17. The influenza epidemic of 1918–1919 killed more than 20 million people in the United States and Europe.
18. In the human brain, 100,000 chemical reactions occur in one second.
19. Children are born without kneecaps. They appear only at the age of 2–6 years.
20. The surface area of human lungs is approximately equal to the area of a tennis court.
21. From the moment of birth, there are already 14 billion cells in the human brain, and this number does not increase until death. On the contrary, after 25 years it decreases by 100 thousand per day. In the minute you spend reading a page, about 70 cells die. After 40 years, brain degradation accelerates sharply, and after 50 neurons ( nerve cells) dry out and the volume of the brain decreases.
22. In psychiatry, a syndrome accompanied by depersonalization, impaired perception of time and space, one’s own body and the environment, is officially (!) called “Alice in Wonderland.”
23. During life, the human small intestine is about 2.5 meters long. After his death, when the muscles of the intestinal wall relax, its length reaches 6 meters.
24. A person has approximately 2 million sweat glands. The average adult loses 540 calories with every liter of sweat. Men sweat about 40% more than women.
25. The right lung of a person holds more air than the left.
26. An adult takes approximately 23,000 breaths (and exhalations) per day.
27. Over the course of a lifetime, the female body reproduces 7 million eggs.
28. The human eye is capable of distinguishing 10,000,000 shades of color.
29. There are about 40,000 bacteria in the human mouth.
30. Papaphobia is the fear of the Pope!
31. It is impossible to sneeze with your eyes open.
32. There are 33 or 34 vertebrae in the human spine.
33. Women blink about 2 times more often than men.
34. The smallest cells in a man’s body are sperm cells.
35. The strongest muscle in the human body is the tongue.
36. There are about 2000 taste buds in the human body.
37. In Mesopotamia, for the death of a patient, the doctor who treated him was executed, and for blindness, he was blinded.
38. At birth, there are about 300 bones in a child’s body; in adulthood, only 206 remain.
39. The human body contains the same amount of fat as is needed to produce 7 bars of soap.
40. Nerve impulses in the human body move at a speed of approximately 90 meters per second.
41. Human hair is about 5000 times thicker than soap film.
42. 36,800,000 - the number of heartbeats in a person in one year.
43. Men are about 10 times more likely than women to suffer from color blindness.
44. Human gastric juice contains 0.4% hydrochloric acid(HCl).
45. Almost half of all human bones are in the wrists and feet.
46. Medieval doctors, when in doubt about the diagnosis, diagnosed “syphilis”.
47. People with blue eyes are more sensitive to pain than everyone else.
48. Fingernails grow about 4 times faster than toenails.
49. During a lifetime, a person’s skin changes approximately 1000 times.
50. There are more than 100 different viruses that cause a runny nose.
51. You can lose 150 calories per hour by hitting your head against a wall.
52. There are about 75 kilometers (!) of nerves in the body of an adult.
53. Bulimia is an indomitable appetite.
54. Parthenophobia is the fear of virgins.
55. The scientific name of the navel is umbilicus.
The great Charles Darwin at one time put forward a very interesting theory, which, according to the scientist, could perfectly explain all the unclear questions related to the origin of species, including answering the burning question of the origin of man. Far-sighted materialist scientists, having received at their disposal such a wonderful weapon in the fight against the Christian doctrine of Creation, immediately practically elevated Darwin's theory to the rank of an axiom and an immutable truth.
However, now we will not enter into any disputes about how everything that exists on Earth, including man, came to be. We are more interested in another question: What makes a person a Human...
Man is, in essence, just a highly organized animal with intelligence. But is there something that distinguishes humans from primates? So what is it anyway? What it does Let's look at some opinions on this matter.
The ability to learn is what makes a person human. Indeed, the ability to learn favorably distinguishes humans from highly organized animals - as it seems at first glance. But many dog owners, trainers and handlers will disagree with this statement, confirming the correctness of their words with the numerous achievements of their pets. Moreover, there are computer programs, capable of self-learning, and this can no longer even be called alive.
It is only human nature to think. Maybe. But if you take a closer look at the behavior of many animals, birds and even insects and remember that not a single scientist in the world has yet proven the opposite, we can assume that our smaller brothers can also think...
Perhaps society makes a person? Yes, society great power, which can influence the thoughts and actions of each individual person. But this also does not always happen. How then do outcasts and hermits come about? After all, if society makes a person, then everyone should be the same?
Another question that worries the minds of many is the question of morality. It is morality, as well as the ability for creativity and Love, that seems to distinguish humans from highly organized animals. In this regard, too, not everything is clear. It is believed that only an educated person can be moral. But does education make a person moral? You can answer this question simply by looking around. Surely in the life of every person we met brilliantly educated people, having excellent manners, pleasant to talk to, well dressed, but at the same time capable of betraying and literally walking over the bones of others to achieve their goals. Does education make a person moral? - Alas, that would be too easy...
Love and Creativity are what actually makes a person a Human. Only this can be characteristic only of man from all the diversity of Creation. It is these qualities that bring a person closer to the Creator. “And God created man in His own image, in the image of God He created him; male and female he created them” (Gen. 1:27).
Elsewhere (1 John 4:8) in Scripture we find wonderful words: “God is Love.” This means that it is the manifestation of Love that gives a person the right to this high rank? Man is the best of all God's Creations, and the Lord loved us to such an extent that He sacrificed His Son so that we would have a chance to be saved and become His Children. big, great love, which each of us is able to recognize, makes us related to the Creator, which means it makes a person a Human...
It brings a person closer to the Lord, therefore, it gives the ability to creativity, which only man and none of the animals are endowed with. But here we must keep in mind that God’s Creativity is primary. He creates out of nothing. Human creativity is secondary, because works of art are created only on the basis of what is around or in the heart of a person...
Of course, all reasoning on these topics may seem very controversial, like any philosophical conclusions, but can be regarded as a good attempt to get closer to the answer to one of the most troubling questions for all people: Who am I? Where? For what?
