Activity - 1) a specific, human form of relationship to the outside world. the content of which is its expedient change in the interests of people; condition the existence of society. Activity includes the goal, means, result and the process itself. Activity is an organic unity of sensory-practical and theoretical forms.

2) a set of actions, operations, techniques (S. G. Molchanov).

Decentralization of education management is the principle of delegating certain competencies to the level of lower levels of management.

Diagnostics (< греч. - способность распознать) - study of signs characterizing the presence of defects in processes, objects to predict possible deviations in their work (or states); the doctrine of the methods and principles of recognition and identification.

Term D. widely used in medicine, automotive industry, etc. In the practice of education, it is better to use term"assessment", since assessment is a key procedure within the certification

Diversification (political knowledge; goals of the Bologna process).

"Organized Diversification" as one of the fundamental principles for the development of higher education. This implies, on the one hand, a careful attitude to the existing diversity of national systems, types of educational institutions, areas and types of training, content curricula representing a shared value and potential for future development. On the other hand, this diversity and the desire to preserve it should not become an obstacle to uniting efforts, to bringing education systems closer together, to their convergence. This implies the need for a selective attitude towards diversification and its regulation in such a way that obstacles to inter-university and inter-country academic exchanges are removed, so that the comparability of qualifications is easily and openly established. different countries and continued differences would stimulate the development of their education systems.

Diversification (from lat. diversus - different and facere - to do)– expansion of areas of activity.

[lat. diversus different + facere do] - diversity, diversified development.

The didactic complex is a combination of the following constituents: 1) curriculum; 2) educational materials; 3) formalized and non-formalized tasks that allow you to check the assimilation of the standard amount of educational information; 4) description of the ways of organizing the assimilation (teaching and learning) educational information and methods of cognitive activity, (A) forms of organization of training, b) sets of teaching methods, c) sets of teaching methods, d) teaching aids); 5) a set of techniques that allow identifying the degree of severity of individual parameters of the main areas of personality.

Didactic-methodical complex - (see educational and methodical complex) it is a didactic complex (educational materials) and methodological support (description of forms, methods, techniques and means of work) For teacher explaining how to work with the didactic complex.

Diploma - graduates from a university in the framework of a five-year one-stage model of education.

The educational program of a graduate is focused on the development and consolidation of practical professional skills.

Differentiation (< франц. - разность, различие) - division, dismemberment of the whole into parts according to the accepted basis.

Additional training sessions - a form of group or individual differentiated training that ensures the development of basic educational information (standard content of education of the relevant academic discipline) and ways of learning.

The unified state exam is a form of state assessment of the level of education of secondary school graduates.

Identification (social)- reproduction of social experience based on involvement in reproductive activities to master the basic social experience.

Change (changes)- change-transformation, which is of an intra-system nature, which means that a change in one of the components does not lead to a transformation of the system, its transition to a new quality. (see development)

Power Meter (expressions) one indicator in comparison with another; determinant "weight" indicator, its quantitative characteristics.

I. determines a) the number or range of the indicator; b) the frequency of some manifestation (the more often it is detected, the higher the value of the property); c) intensity, magnitude or strength of manifestation.

Measurement is carried out, often in the form of attributing a number to the measured objects. (phenomena) according to certain rules.

I. - a tool for evaluating the quantitative and qualitative features of the object of the phenomenon.

Individualization (social)- mastery, transformation, adaptation of social experience according to individual manifestations. Based on the assimilation of social experience, the individual partly develops, specializes his individual experience through “subjective discoveries”, realizing, thinking out, adding independently to one-sidedly or partially mastered social experience. The activity of society and the individual at this level of socialization is approximately the same.

Indicator - (pointer) device a device that displays a change in k. -l. controlled parameter technological process or an object in a form that is most convenient for human perception. Apply visual, acoustic, tactile, etc.

Indicator (in the field of education)- group or individual expert assessment, reflecting quantitative or qualitative changes in any feature of the educational system (other educational facilities) in the form of expert judgment (about the sign of the object) or giving him numerical value.

Tool - a tool that allows you to establish the degree of severity of signs (properties, qualities) object, identify the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the object.

Integration (education) – (from lat. integratio - restoration, replenishment)- interconnectedness, system connection into a single whole and the corresponding process of establishing such connections, convergence, unification of organizations, industries, regions or countries, etc. (as opposed to differentiation) .

[< лат. integration восстановление, восполнение < integer целый] – объединение в целое каких-либо частей, элементов (opposite disintegration) .

Informal pedagogical education - non-institutionalized transmission from generation to generation carried out by social institutions teachers norms and values ​​of general and professional culture; learning process is the interaction between learners and objective pedagogical reality(Wednesday) and teacher does not recognize himself as an object of the learning process, during which he acquires the knowledge, skills and abilities of the poem.

Informal education is a non-institutionalized transfer from generation to generation of the norms and values ​​of a common culture carried out by social institutions; the learning process in it is the interaction between students and objective reality (Wednesday), and the student is not aware of himself as an object of the learning process, during which he masters new information and ways of cognitive activity.

In accordance with the accepted in Russia terminology(compared to terminology of the World Bank) additional education of children can be qualified as informal education (See also - Informal O.).

Quality is a philosophical category that expresses the essential certainty of an object, thanks to which it is precisely this and not another. Quality is an objective and universal characteristic of objects, which is found in the totality of their properties” (247, p. 567).

"... an objective and universal characteristic of objects, which is found in the totality of their properties ..." (1, p. 560)

The quality of education - when determining the essence and meaning of this definition, it is necessary, first of all, to determine the philosophical understanding term(concepts)"quality".

The quality of education is the degree of manifestation of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of education as a function of the state, as an education system, as an educational system.

Quality is a holistic set of properties, their connections and relationships that distinguish one object or one phenomenon from another. Quality is a holistic, relatively stable set of properties that determines the specifics of a given object or phenomenon.

The quality of knowledge is an integral set of relatively stable properties of knowledge that characterize the result of educational and cognitive activity of students .

Our understanding is this. Quality is inherent in any object (object or phenomenon) and the subject, but it manifests itself only in relations with other subjects. It is perceived by the subject as a sign, property, characteristic. The severity of the trait in the individual or public consciousness (socially significant norm, value) and there is a level of quality. Consequently, quality is a concrete historical norm about the degree of expression of one or another feature of the object or phenomenon under consideration.

The quality of education is the quality of all features of the object - education. The difficulty is that terminological confusion makes it difficult to understand the definition. This is due to the fact that in some cases education is understood as a) the education system, b) the process of obtaining education, c) the level of education, etc. If we consider all these definitions of EDUCATION. as its features (properties), then it is necessary to continue the description of each of these complex features through the set of features of the 2nd order, then the 3rd, etc., i.e., to the level required by the researcher or manager in order to isolate such signs (objects), the dynamics of which could be controlled and tools could be created to measure the degree of their severity.

The quality of education is the degree of manifestation of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of education as a function of the state, as an education system, as an educational system.

The quality of knowledge, skills and abilities or "key" competencies - an integral set of relatively stable properties of knowledge that characterize the result of educational and cognitive activity of students (T. I. Shamova, T. M. Davydenko). K. inherent in any object (object or phenomenon) and the subject, but manifests itself only in relations with other subjects. K. is perceived by the subject as a sign, property, characteristic. The severity of the trait in the individual (individual norm, value) or public consciousness (socially significant norm, value) and there is the level of K. K. - a concrete historical norm that fixes the degree of expression of one or another feature of an object or phenomenon.

K. - the degree of severity of h. y. n. or k.k., in relation to their required representation in the education of the subject in the form of the mastered content of education.

Qualimetry - methods for quantifying quality (from lat. qualis - what kind of quality) sign of an object or an object as a whole.

Cluster - group (Class) objects, united common feature (s). (S. G. Molchanov).

Cluster analysis - 1) “a mathematical procedure for multivariate analysis that allows, based on a set of indicators characterizing a number of objects (for example, subjects, to group them into classes (clusters) in such a way that objects belonging to one class are more homogeneous, similar in comparison with objects belonging to other classes. Based on the numerically expressed parameters of objects, the distances between them are calculated, which can be expressed both in the Euclidean metric (the most commonly used, and in other metrics. The cluster analysis method has found wide application in psycholinguistics” (219, p. 162);

2) the division of the whole into parts and the assignment of each part to a specific group, type, class on a common basis.

Qualification - [cf. -lat. qualification< лат. quails какой, какого качества + facere делать – 1) характеристика предмета, явления, отнесение его к какой-либо категории, группе; 2) степень и уровень профессиональной подготовленности к какому-либо виду труда; 3) профессия, специальность .

(from lat. quails - what kind of quality)- 1) definition of quality, evaluation, characterization of something; 2) the degree of suitability, the level of preparedness for any type of work; 3) profession, specialty acquired as a result of training

(In Great Britain) certification of a student's achievement or competency, indicating the type and title of training, which qualifies the student to enter and continue to advance academically and professionally.

In Russia, this is not a document on education (as stated in the Lisbon Convention of 1997, signed by Russia, but only an entry in a document issued to graduates. This is a special position in a diploma that claims not to be academic, but to be professional in nature (for example, specialty "Jurisprudence", qualification "Lawyer") . In accordance with the Lisbon Convention, an academic qualification is a document issued upon graduation from a higher education institution, and not an entry in this document, as we are used to. Our record speaks, rather, of professional qualifications, which may or may not be in the document issued by the educational institution. In the latter case, a professional qualification document, if necessary, is issued by the relevant professional community (as a rule, after the applicant for such qualification has gained some work experience after graduation). theoretical training) .

Diploma comparison. "Equivalence" involves full legal (and actual) the equivalence of documents on education, established on the basis of comparative studies of all conditions and requirements necessary to obtain them in the compared educational institutions.

"Confession" establishes the legal correspondence of levels of education, but leaves the right to the contracting parties to introduce Additional requirements upon admission to educational institutions or employment, other than those that apply to persons with national educational documents, degrees and titles.

Naturally, we are talking about the academic recognition of the relevant documents.

Qualification (professional pedagogical (PPKv and PUKv)- measure of effectiveness (economy, operationality, adequacy) professionally- pedagogical(- managerial impact and interaction in the current educational space.

Convention [< лат. conventio договор, соглашение] – международный договор, соглашение по какому-либо специальному вопросу, напр. железнодорожная, почтовая конвенции, конвенция по охране авторских прав .

An international treaty on some special issue that establishes the mutual rights and obligations of the contracting parties (usually multilateral); Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, Geneva Conventions of 1949

A convention, unlike a declaration, is a binding legal instrument.

Conversion - (convertibility) diplomas

Convertibility (from lat. convertere to change, transform)- convertibility, the ability of the national currency to be freely exchanged for a foreign one in any form and in all types of transactions without restrictions.

Concept (from Latin - understanding, system)- a certain way of understanding, interpretation of a phenomenon, the main point of view.

Communication skills are the abilities of an individual that ensure the effectiveness of its communication activities, especially communication with other personalities, and psychological compatibility in activities. Communication skills are an essential component of organizational skills and leadership abilities.

Competence -

1) (from lat. - I achieve, I correspond, I approach)- 1) terms of reference provided by law, charter or other act of a particular body or official;

2) occupations and experience in this or that area.

2) [ < лат. competere добиваться; соответствовать, подходить] – 1) круг полномочий какого-л. органа или должностного лица; 2) круг вопросов, в которых кто-л. хорошо осведомлен (7, p. 295).

3) - a set of theoretical ideas about the object and practical ways of working with this object.

Competence - 1) possession of competence; 2) the possession of knowledge to judge smth. (7, p. 295).

Competence (professional)- a set of educational, professional, socio-professional, social and personal competencies.

Competence (professional pedagogical or professional managerial (PPK and PUK) is a systemic concept that defines the scope of competencies, terms of reference in the field of professional pedagogical activity . In a narrower sense, professional pedagogical competence refers to the range of issues in which the subject has knowledge, experience; the totality of which reflects the socio-professional status and professional pedagogical qualification, as well as certain personal, individual characteristics (abilities that provide the possibility of implementing a certain professional activity.

Qualification, in turn, is provided by the initial or corrected level of mastery of the content of the taught academic disciplines, teaching methods, methods pedagogical impacts and interactions, theories pedagogy and educational psychology , the level of practical skills, abilities, creative activity teacher(182)

The CPC also defines the scope of competencies, terms of reference teacher in the social sphere, especially in that part of it that is directly adjacent to the professional sphere itself. Based on this, the PPC should fix its social aspect, which reflects the characteristics of the profession. teacher as a representative of a group of professions in the social sphere.

The main relationships between the components of the systemic concept of professional pedagogical competence can be described in the following scheme:

Table 1

Relations between the components of the concept

"professionally- pedagogical competence”

PROFESSIONALLY- PEDAGOGICAL COMPETENCE

PROFESSIONALLY- PEDAGOGICAL QUALIFICATION SOCIO-PROFESSIONAL STATUS

Professionally- pedagogical practical readiness and theoretical readiness Social status teacher V social system (outward facing aspect)

Professional productivity pedagogical activities Social status teacher in the educational system (inward facing aspect)

Professionally significant personality traits

The above ideas about the content of the concept "professionally- pedagogical competence» are the basis for the content of the method of expert assessments recommended by the current model provision about attestation (182) . However, for professional assessment pedagogical competence, it is necessary, first of all, to describe the whole set of concepts that describe the space of this term, as well as their interrelationships and interdependencies.

All this will make it possible to objectively assess the professional pedagogical competence of the pedagogical(managerial) employee as part of his attestation.

It should be noted that in certification, when assigning qualification categories, one should not discuss and take into account personal professionally significant features, but they need to be evaluated. But just to help teacher or the manager to build a personality-oriented trajectory for the growth of professional competence and productivity.

Convergence (educational systems of European countries) – [< лат. convergere приближаться, сходиться] – схождение, сближение .

Competitiveness (European system of higher education)- a set of consumer properties of a given product or product, characterizing their difference from a competitor's product in terms of the degree of compliance with specific social needs, taking into account the costs of satisfying them, prices, etc.

concentric - the union of a set of educational units (competencies, around a common center for them ( "key" competence) and their systematic shuttle presentation (from the educational unit to the center or from the center to the educational unit along different radii).

Communiqué [fr. communicate< лат. communicare сообщать] – официальное правительственное сообщение о международных переговорах и соглашениях, о important events in the internal life of the country (for example, conferences, meetings, on the course of hostilities, etc.

The system of credits is a very effective mechanism for comparing quantitative and qualitative indicators of the level of students' preparation, allowing, on the basis of objective criteria, to establish an individual rating of each student based on the results of training;

Tool for improving the quality of education;

A certain philosophy of education, focused on the transition of educational institutions from collectivist to individualistic forms of education, forms of organization of the educational process convenient for the market of educational services - and therefore, to a market understanding of the quality of education, when the key aspect of functioning educational institutions become the price characteristics of their educational activities.

It is intended to measure the results of previous education and form a unified approach to ensuring academic mobility within the framework of interuniversity exchanges. It is used in many countries of the world as a measure of comparable quantitative assessments of the volume of various educational programs, the importance of their constituent academic disciplines, as well as periods of study.

Is a measure of activity, not quality, acts as a surrogate for goals and achievements (–) ; simplicity, flexibility and the ability to trust the results (+) .

The system of credit units is a systematic way of describing educational programs by assigning credit units to its components (disciplines, courses, etc.) .

Offset - type of verification test (in higher education, in sports achievements) .

Credit unit ( credit) is a unit of measurement by which all education received is described in the diploma supplement.

"credit unit" called ‘credit’ in English (confidence) and cannot be translated into Russian as "credit" .

It makes sense term"credit unit" use as a Russian-language counterpart terms"credit hour" or "credit", since in national languages ​​in a number of European countries these terms are denoted as"credit conversion units", which is semantically consonant with their meaning in Russian.

Credit [< лат. creditum ссуда, долг < credere верить] – 1) предоставление в долг на определенный срок товаров или денежных средств, как правило, с уплатой процента; 2) включенная в смету сумма, в пределах которой разрешен расход на определенные цели; 3) доверие .

At present, there is no clear understanding term"credit". The meaning of this concept is not limited to the definition of a unit of measure of academic load - to the fact that a credit hour is a larger unit compared to an academic hour. The use of credit in the educational process has a wider appointment: it is considered as one of the most convenient parameters for assessing and comparing the results for any period of study in different educational institutions and, therefore, as an effective tool for streamlining lifelong education and ensuring academic mobility. Yes, credit hour. allows: 1) take into account the relative importance of various types of classes: lectures, seminars, laboratory, etc.; 2) to determine the significance of a particular discipline studied by a student, its relative contribution to the final average indicator received by him at the end of any period of study; 3) to rank students according to the results of training and to identify, on the basis of objective indicators, an individual rating of each of them.

The use of a credit hour makes it possible to switch to an asynchronous organization of the educational process, which creates the prerequisites for the development of academic mobility both within the country and abroad.

Credit is a quantitative indicator of the adequacy of education, which is assigned to a student as confirmation of the reliability of achieving learning outcomes at a given level.

With regard to the system of higher professional education, the definition of credit is based on various parameters, such as the overall labor intensity of the student's work or the time of contact with the teacher when mastering the discipline of the curriculum, the results of his learning.

Credit is also a way to quantify learning outcomes - a set of competencies (what the student will know, understand or be able to master after completing the learning process).

Credit [< лат. credit он верит] – правая сторона бухгалтерских счетов; в активе кредит представляет расходную часть, куда заносятся все расходы по данному счету, а в счетах пассива – приходную часть, в которой группируются все поступления по счету .

Stress on the first syllable (from lat. credit - he believes)- confidence; in Russian, it is customary to use credit as an economic term, which means the right side of an account opened to any person, on which the amounts due to him or the amounts received on the account of any person are entered. Lending means "to write down the amount in the credit of the account".

Using credit as term related to education is a new aspect of this concept for the Russian language and mentality. In the educational process under the concept "credit" implied following:

1) each discipline has its own index of labor intensity for its development, which is the number of hours per week allotted for its study, while not only classroom studies are meant, but also the time that the student must spend on extracurricular independent work. The same number is equal to the number of credits (credits received by the student after completing the study of the discipline;

2) the number of credits also shows the share of a particular discipline in the total annual workload (lectures, seminars, laboratory classes, tests, exams, etc., since the educational institution determines in advance the amount of credits that must be earned in order to master the full program, for example, a bachelor's or master.

The world system uses two types loans: credit-hour and credit-point. A credit hour corresponds to the number of hours per week devoted to the study of a given discipline during one semester. A credit point corresponds to the student's total workload, more precisely, the amount of work expended in studying any unit of study, such as a module.

The number of credits awarded for the discipline (course) is strictly fixed and does not depend on the quality of the student's preparation. Credits are awarded to the student only for successful work. The quality of the student's work is not reflected by credits, but by grades on the ECTS scale, according to which grades A, B , C, D and E credits accrue, while FX and F grades do not accrue credits.

Credit hour - (in USA) semester volume of the training course taught one lecture hour (50 min.) per week, together with the hours of practical training allocated for this course, laboratory work, independent work of the student, as well as the time allotted for assessing the development of this course by trainees.

A credit consortium is a group of educational institutions united on a voluntary basis and cooperating in the development and use of credit systems. Each consortium puts forward a specific scheme for accumulating and transferring credits.

The credit system is a system for quantifying the content of an educational program. The rating system is a system for quantifying the quality of its development.

Credit-credit systems, as a rule, proceed from the understanding of credit as a unit for assessing labor costs for the development of an educational program or its part.

Credit-accumulative systems basically define credit as a unit for evaluating the results of mastering educational programs - acquired knowledge, skills and abilities.

Student rating - an individual comprehensive assessment of his performance in all areas of educational activity (mastering the disciplines of the curriculum; passing all types of practices; passing the final state exam; performance and defense of final qualifying works).

Rating (English rating)- 1) assessment, classification; assignment to a particular class, category, rank; significance score, the popularity of a person or phenomenon relative to others similar to him; 2) position, class, rank, rank.

When organizing the educational process, it is necessary to use a rating system for assessing the quality of mastering modules (courses, disciplines) educational program, bearing in mind the conformity of the actual results (knowledge, competencies, etc.) planned. It should be noted that the assessment of the quality of mastering the educational program should be a) individual and b) absolute as a measure of compliance with the Educational Standard (rather than relative in a group of students). The rating system for assessing the quality of mastering an educational program involves current control the success of the student's cognitive activity during the semester and the final control during the session.

Module [< лат. modulus мера] – отделяемая, относительно independent part any system, organization, device

IN pedagogical "functional node" two characteristics

Criterion -

1) (from the Greek. kriterion - a means for judgment)- a sign on the basis of which an assessment, definition or classification of something is made; evaluation yardstick.

(from the Greek kriterion - a distinctive feature, measure, means of judgment) - the basis on which something is evaluated, defined or classified; evaluation yardstick.

Well (training)- a systematic presentation of any science or a separate part of it, which in general education programs act as academic subjects (for example, mathematics consists of algebra, geometry, etc.; chemistry - of organic and inorganic chemistry).

Well (elective)- a course of study that can be chosen by the student.

Linear (building the content of education)– combining a set of educational units (competencies) in line (along with other competencies) for their consistent systematic presentation along a trajectory close to a straight line.

Student-centered educational process - the process of education and training, taking into account personal (cognitive, emotional-volitional and effective-practical) characteristics of the student; his needs, as well as realizing

Personal approach to learning - a system of specially selected ways of professional pedagogical impact(interactions that provide an adequate impact on the cognitive, emotional-volitional and effective-practical spheres of the individual.

License - permission for the right to conduct educational activities.

Master [< лат. magister начальник; наставник] – в ряде стран – вторая академическая степень, присуждаемая лицам, окончившим университет или приравненное к нему высшее учебное заведение и имеющим степень бакалавра, прошедшим дополнительный курс в течение 1–2 лет, сдавшим специальный экзамен и защитившим диссертацию ;

second, middle (between Bachelor and PhD) scientific degree in most foreign countries in the system of multi-stage higher education, awarded to persons who graduated from a university, college or university (having a bachelor's degree, after 1–2 years of study and public defense of a diploma or master's thesis.

Master (from "master") - the system and form of training of specialists with completed higher education (with bachelor's degree) in most Western countries, within 1–2 years, with the defense of a diploma or master's thesis;

(graduate)- the second cycle of a two-stage higher education, focused on the development of creative abilities.

Graduates of the second level must:

7) master the subject area at an advanced level, that is, master the latest methods and techniques (research, know the latest theories and their interpretations;

8) critically monitor and comprehend the development of theory and practice;

9) master the methods of independent research and be able to explain its results at an advanced level;

10) be able to make an original contribution to the discipline in accordance with the canons of this subject area, for example, as part of a qualifying work;

11) demonstrate originality and creativity;

12) master competencies at a professional level.

The educational program of the master is focused on the piecewise preparation of scientific and scientific pedagogical highly qualified workers.

Function management in the educational system - 1) maintaining the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the components of the educational system (c.o.s.) at baseline; 2) ensuring the constant compliance of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the f.o. With. changing external and internal the conditions of its functioning; 3) designing new elements of a f.o. s., the introduction of which does not imply a change in its current state and transfer to a new one; 4) generation of new norms for the functioning of a f.o. s., leading to a shift in emphasis (redistribution "by weight" contributions) of the system-forming features of the f.o. With. within the framework of its current state as a system; 5) forecasting new norms and k.o. s., changing its current state in accordance with the established (identified during peer review) trends in the development of the socio-educational system as a whole, and each K. o. s., in particular.

Management in the educational system - the presentation of requirements a) negative, aimed at the termination of any actions or the existence of objects; b) neutral, aimed at maintaining, providing and constructing any actions or objects; c) positive, meaning the generation and forecasting or initiation of fundamentally different from the previous (traditional) actions within the educational system and outside it in situations where the previous framework does not allow these actions to be carried out.

In this case, all three groups of requirements (negative, neutral and positive) are carried out according to certain technological chains, which can be presented in the form of a classification according to the degree of their relevance to the current state of educational systems: 1) promising and 2) operational.

Method (upbringing, training)- a professional way pedagogical impact(interaction that provides changes in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the object of influence (interactions).

Teaching methods - .... the development of educational units (competences, i.e. the assimilation of theoretical ideas about the units of the content of education and how to work with them.

Teaching methods are ways of organizing teaching and learning that ensure the assimilation of educational and cognitive information and the development of methods of cognitive activity.

Methodological work is an integral part of professional pedagogical(-managerial) activities in which theoretical products are created that provide pedagogical or management actions. Subject methodical work are not only means of professional pedagogical communication but also the content of learning (educational materials).

Mobility - [< фр. mobile < лат. mobilis] – подвижность .

Mobility (principle) [< фр. mobile < лат. mobilis– подвижный]

– student access to all educational services; teachers, scientists and administrative staff should be given recognition and credit for periods of time spent in Europe – for research, internships and teaching, without prejudice to their rights.

The ability of students to acquire loans, including outside higher education institutions (including continuing education, and reread them when condition recognition by the respective universities of the organizations that issue them.

In Russia, it is preferable to talk rather than about territorial (spatial) mobility, but about professional mobility, carried out within a particular region.

The mobility of specialists is the desire not only to improve their qualifications within the limits of the previously obtained, but also to obtain a new one.

IN conditions It would be more expedient for Russia to develop the so-called "virtual mobility" associated with the organic inclusion in the educational process contemporary information technologies. With their help, it would be possible to minimize the time of separation of students from "why home", bring the training itself as close as possible to what is really required in a particular regional labor market. (see regionalization, regionalization of the labor market).

Modernization is a change, an improvement that meets modern requirements(SES, p. 817).

Module - conventional unit, fixing the size, volume of one of the elements of the content of education, used to coordinate the size of the parts of the training course (in academic hours, in educational units, in the forms of training, in the forms of training sessions, methods, techniques, tools, etc.) its relatively independent part, which can be assigned numerical value.

Module [< лат. modulus мера] – отделяемая, относительно самостоятельная часть какой-либо системы, организации, устройства (e.g. module spaceship) ; a functionally completed node that is part of a specific system and has the property of substitutability.

Modules are thematically completed sections into which the material of the academic discipline is divided.

Some part of the whole in the learning system, clearly defined by functional properties; training module - a fragment of the program unified in structure, designed as its independent part and intended primarily for individual training. A module can be studied for one or two semesters and is estimated at 10 or 20 credits, which characterizes the time that must be spent on studying it. How these hours are distributed by types of educational activities depends on the content of the module, but in any case, the time spent on independent work of students is also taken into account.

Modules are logical blocks into which the program material of the course is divided (subject, representing the completed cycle of educational work. Most often, this is one or more topics. As structural and logical independent modules (in each academic discipline) separate topics or sections can be considered, term papers, individual program tasks for self-study of theoretical material, etc. for these modules, threshold rating values ​​in points are developed, which are given to students as an assessment depending on the quality and timing of the tasks.

A module is a logically connected, complete set of knowledge, skills and abilities corresponding to a fragment (block, functional unit) educational program of the training course [Galochkin A. I., Bazarnova N. G., Markin V. I., Kasko N. S. Problem-modular learning technology // Sociology and education on the threshold of the third millennium. Materials of reports. And. speeches of section XI. - Barnaul, 1996].

IN pedagogical In a sense, a functional unit is a certain integrity, which is at the same time a subsystem of a wider system. In concept "functional node" two characteristics: the knot as the integrity and functioning of this formation, the dynamics inherent in nature.

A modular program is a system of means, techniques, with the help and through which the ultimate goal of training is achieved. Thus, the modular program includes elements of cognitive activity management and, together with the teacher, helps to effectively use the study time.

The educational material included in the module should be such a complete block of information that it is possible to construct an integral module program from individual modules. At the same time, the modular program should ensure the assimilation of the subject in accordance with the State Educational Standard, as well as provide an opportunity for a higher level of assimilation educational material.

Monitoring - 1) constant observation of any process in order to identify its compliance with the desired result or initial assumptions; 2) observation, assessment and prognosis of the state environment in connection with economic activity person.

Monitoring (educational)– 1) constant monitoring of educational process using standardized tools in order to identify its compliance with a posteriori given quantitative and qualitative indicators taken from the indicators established in certain "points", and establishing compliance with the desired result or initial assumptions; 2) observation, assessment and forecast of the state of the educational system in connection with the socio-political and economic situation within the country and abroad.

Monitoring (educational)- a system for organizing the collection, storage, processing and dissemination of information about the functioning of the educational system, which ensures continuous monitoring of its state and forecasting its development.

Monitoring of the learning process - continuous monitoring of the processes of teaching and learning.

M. of the teaching process is carried out as part of the demonstration of training sessions and the presentation of their abstracts (training materials, forms of training, forms of training sessions, methods, techniques and teaching aids) during certification teaching staff . M. is implemented within the framework of methodological, scientific and methodological work and additional professional teacher education.

M. of the learning process is carried out as part of the intermediate and final certification for the following indicators: educational information, ways of cognitive activity, ways of social behavior (in the educational space, ways of introverted activity (e.g. health-saving). The indicators are the quantity of mastered content of education and the quality (degree of expression) mastery of each unit of educational content.

Monitoring of education is a system of intermediate and final certification, including the Unified State Examination, provided with control and measuring materials.

Nostrification (diplomas)- the approach used in practical solution issues of equivalence and recognition of diplomas higher education, academic degrees and titles; is based on the results of a comparative analysis of education systems, which determines the general criteria for assessing the levels of education, diplomas, degrees and titles (For more on aspects of analysis, see 2.6.) .

Nostrification of documents on education, recognition and establishment of the equivalence of a diploma or other document on general education, primary, secondary and higher and postgraduate professional education, on the award of an academic title, carried out abroad by a university or other scientific institution. Under the recognition of documents foreign states the consent of the relevant authorities to the validity of these documents in the territory of the Russian Federation is understood. Federation. Nostrification is within the competence of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. Establishing the equivalence of documents on the education of foreign states means that public authorities must provide the holders of these documents with the same academic and (or) professional rights, as the holders of documents Ros. Federation. Nostrification of documents of foreign countries does not release

Altai State Academy of Education

named after V.M. Shukshina

Terminological dictionary

By

pedagogy

Performed:

student correspondence department

group H- Z HO131

Ryazanova Svetlana Andreevna

year 2014

PEDAGOGICAL ACTIVITY it represents a special type of social activity aimed at transferring from older generations to younger generations the culture and experience accumulated by humanity, creating conditions for their personal development and training to fulfill certain social roles in society.

PEDAGOGICAL CULTURE is considered as an important part of the general culture of the teacher, manifested in the system of professional qualities and the specifics of pedagogical activity.

POSITION OF THE TEACHER - this is a system of those intellectual, volitional and emotional-evaluative attitudes to the world, pedagogical reality and pedagogical activity in particular, which are the source of its activity.

INTERACTION PEDAGOGICAL - personal contact of the educator and the pupil (s), accidental or deliberate, private or public, long or short-term, verbal or non-verbal, resulting in mutual changes in their behavior, activities, relationships, attitudes. V. p. can manifest itself in the formcooperation, when both parties reach mutual agreement and solidarity in understanding the goals of joint activities and ways to achieve it, and in the formrivalry, when the success of some participants in a joint activity stimulates or hinders the more productive and purposeful activities of its other participants. Humanistically oriented ped. process m. b. only by the process of V. p. educator and pupil, where both participants act as parity, equal partners, to the best of their knowledge and capabilities.

UPBRINGING (as a social phenomenon) - a complex and controversial socio-historical process of transferring socio-historical experience to new generations, carried out by all social. institutions: public organizations, mass media and culture, church, family, educational institutions of various levels and directions. V. provides social progress and continuity of generations.

UPBRINGING (as a pedagogical phenomenon) - 1) purposeful professional activity of the teacher, contributing to the maximum development of the child's personality, his entry into the context of modern culture, becoming a subject of his own life, the formation of his motives and values; 2) a holistic, consciously organized ped. the process of personality formation and education in educational institutions by specially trained specialists; 3) a purposeful, managed and open system of educational interaction between children and adults, in which the pupil is an equal participant and it is possible to make changes to it (the system) that contribute to the optimal development of children(in this definition, the child is both an object and a subject); 4) providing the pupil with alternative ways of behavior in various situations, leaving him the right to choose and find his own way; 5) the process and result of purposeful influence on the development of the personality, its relationships, traits, qualities, attitudes, beliefs, ways of behaving in society (child in this position - object ped. impact); 6) the purposeful creation of conditions for the development of culture by a person, its translation into personal experience through an organized long-term impact on the development of the individual from the surrounding educational institutions, social. and the natural environment, taking into account its potential in order to stimulate its self-development and independence; 7) (in the narrowest, concrete sense) the components of an integral educational process: mental, moral, etc. education.

Spiritual upbringing - the formation of a value attitude to life, ensuring the sustainable and harmonious development of a person. V. d. is the upbringing of a sense of duty, justice, sincerity, responsibility, and other qualities that can give the highest meaning to a person’s deeds and thoughts.

moral education - the formation of moral relations, the ability to improve them and the ability to act in accordance with social requirements and norms, a solid system of habitual, everyday moral behavior.

Political upbringing - the formation of students' political consciousness, reflecting the relations between states, nations, parties, and the ability to understand them from spiritual, moral and ethical positions. It is carried out on the principles of objectivity, variability, freedom of choice of position and assessments within the boundaries of universal human values.

sexual education - systematic, consciously planned and implemented impact on the formation of sexual consciousness and behavior of children, preparing them for family life.

legal education - the process of formation of legal culture and legal behavior, which consists in the implementation of legal general education, overcoming legal nihilism, the formation of law-abiding behavior.

labor education - joint activities of the educator and pupils, aimed at developing the latter's general labor skills and abilities, psychol. readiness for work, the formation of a responsible attitude to work and its products, a conscious choice of profession. The path of V. t. is the inclusion of the student in the full structure of labor: its planning, organization, implementation, control, evaluation.

mental education - the formation of intellectual culture, cognitive motives, mental strength, thinking, worldview and intellectual freedom of the individual.

physical education - a system of human improvement aimed at physical development, health promotion, ensuring high performance and developing the need for constant physical self-improvement.

Artistic education - the formation of the pupils' ability to feel, understand, evaluate, love art, enjoy it, develop the needs for artistic and creative activities and the creation of aesthetic values.

Ecological education - purposeful development of a high ecological culture among the younger generation, which includes knowledge about nature and a humane, responsible attitude towards it as the highest national and universal value.

economic education - purposeful interaction of educators and pupils, aimed at shaping the latest knowledge, skills, needs, interests and style of thinking that correspond to the nature, principles and norms of rational management and organization of production, distribution and consumption.

Aesthetic education - purposeful interaction of educators and pupils, contributing to the development and improvement in the growing person of the ability to perceive, correctly understand, appreciate and create beauty in life and art, actively participate in creativity, creation according to the laws of beauty.

Aesthetic consciousness - a set of ideas, theories, views, criteria for artistic judgments, tastes, thanks to which a person gets the opportunity to reliably determine the aesthetic value of the objects surrounding him, the phenomena of life, art.

aesthetic feeling - subjective emotional experience, born of an evaluative attitude towardsaesthetic subject. E. h. is expressed in the spiritual pleasure or disgust that accompanies the perception and evaluation of the object in the unity of its content and form.

Ethical education - purposeful interaction of educators and pupils, which has as its goal the development of good manners among the latter, the formation of a culture of behavior and relationships.

FREE EDUCATION - unrestricted development of the strengths and abilities of each child, the full disclosure of his individuality. For V. with. characterized by a categorical denial of the system of education and training, based on the suppression of the personality of the child, the regulation of all aspects of his life and behavior. Supporters of this model have attached and continue to attach exceptional importance to the creation of conditions for self-expression and the free development of children's individuality, reducing ped to the possible minimum. intervention and the more excluding k.-l. violence and coercion. They believe that a child can imagine only what he has experienced internally, therefore, the leading role in his upbringing and education should be played by children's experiences and the accumulation of personal experience by children. This direction is directly related to the concept of free education by J. J. Rousseau. However, these schools have not received wide distribution in the West. In Russia, the most striking experience in the creation of schools for free education was the “House of the Free Child”, created by K. N. Venttsel in 1906. He supported the ideas of V. s. LN Tolstoy, organizing the life and education of peasant children in the Yasnaya Polyana school. There were other attempts: A. Radchenko’s “School of naughty” in Baku, the Moscow family school of O. Kaidanovskaya-Bervi, educational and educational complexes “Settlement” and “Children's Labor and Recreation”, close to this direction, headed first by A.U. Zelenko, then S. T. Shatsky. At present, interest in V.'s ideas has revived. Waldorf schools, M. Montessori centers have been opened in Moscow and a number of other cities, domestic models of free, non-violent education are being developed.

SOCIAL EDUCATION - the process and result of spontaneous interaction of a person with the nearest living environment and the conditions of purposeful education (family, spiritual and moral, civil, legal, religious, etc.); the process of active adaptation of a person to certain roles, normative attitudes and samples of social. manifestations; systematic creation of conditions for a relatively purposeful development of a person in the process of his socialization.

EDUCATION - the level of personality development, manifested in the consistency between knowledge, beliefs, behavior and characterized by the degree of formalization of socially significant qualities. The discord, the conflict between what a person knows, how he thinks and how he really acts, can lead to an identity crisis. V. - the current level of personality development, in contrast toeducation - potential level of personality, zone of its proximal development.

EDUCATIONAL WORK - purposeful activity to organize the life of adults and children, which aims to create conditions for the full development of the individual. Through V. p. educational process takes place.

EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OF THE SCHOOL - a set of interrelated components (educational goals, people implementing them, their activities and communication, relationships, living space), which constitutes an integral social-ped. structure of the school and acting as a powerful and permanent factor in education. signshumanistically oriented V. s. sh .: the presence of a single concept for the development of the school educational system, the formation of a healthy lifestyle, a combination of frontal, group and individual forms of influence and interaction, ensuring the protective functions of the team, diverse and diverse joint activities of teams and associations of different ages. Examples of humanistically oriented V. with. sh. there may be schools of V. Karakovsky, A. Tubelsky and others.

EDUCATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS - a kind of relationship between people that arises in educational interaction, aimed at spiritual, moral, etc. development and improvement.

EDUCABILITY - a person's preparedness for the relatively rapid formation of new cognitive, emotional or behavioral skills and abilities.

EDUCATIONAL TRAINING - learning, in which an organic connection is achieved between the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities by students and the formation of their emotionally holistic attitude to the world, to each other, to the educational material being digested.

STATE EDUCATIONAL STANDARD -1) the main document that determines the educational level, which must be achieved by graduates, regardless of the forms of education. Includes federal and national-regional components; 2) the main document, in which the final results of education in the academic subject are determined. Compiled for each stage of education. The standard defines the goals and objectives of subject education, ideas, skills, to-rymi to master the student, the technology for checking the results of education; 3) federal components of G. about. With. determine the mandatory minimum content of the main educational programs, the maximum volume of the teaching load of students, the requirements for the level of training of graduates.

LITERACY - a person's possession of the skills of oral and written speech in accordance with the norms of the literary language. One of the basic indicators of the socio-cultural development of the population, and in relation to the school - one of the most important conditions and indicators of the quality of education. G. has a broader interpretation - as a certain degree of knowledge in a particular area and the ability to apply them.

Computer literacy - Part technological education. The structure of G. to. includes: knowledge of the basic concepts of computer science and computer technology; knowledge of the fundamental structure and functionality of computer technology; knowledge of modern operating systems and possession of their basic commands; knowledge of modern software shells and general-purpose operating tools (Norton Commander, Windows, their extensions) and possession of their functions; Proficiency with at least one text editor; initial ideas about algorithms, languages ​​and programming packages; initial experience of using applied programs for utilitarian purposes.

DIDACTICS (from the Greek didaktikos - receiving, related to learning) - the theory of education and training, a branch of pedagogy. The subject of teaching is learning as a means of educating and educating a person, that is, the interaction of teaching and learning in their unity, which ensures that students master the content of education organized by the teacher. D. Functions:theoretical (diagnostic and prognostic) andpractical (normative, instrumental).

Didactics of the lesson - a system of rules for preparing, conducting and analyzing the results of the lesson.

Didactic system of the teacher - a set of documents and didactic materials, with the help of which the teacher provides training, development and education of children in the classroom and extracurricular activities. Includes: education standard, curriculum, calendar and thematic plans, lesson notes, educational work plans, manuals, visual aids, etc.

Didactic rules - guidelines, to-rye reveal certain aspects of the application of a particular principle of learning. For example, one of the rules for implementing the principle of visibility is the following: use various types of visibility, but do not get carried away by their excessive number.

Didactic principles - the main provisions that determine the content, organizational forms and methods of the educational process in accordance with its general goals and patterns.

Didactic ability - the ability to teach.

TEAM (from lat. collectivus - collective) - a group of people mutually influencing each other and interconnected by a common social. conditioned goals, interests, needs, norms and rules of conduct, jointly performed activities, community of means of activity, unity of will expressed by the leadership of K., due to this reaching a higher level of development than a simple group. Among the signs of K. are also the conscious nature of the association of people, its relative stability, a clear organizational structure, and the presence of organs for coordinating activities. K. areprimary Andsecondary. It is accepted to refer to primary to K., in to-rykh direct interpersonal contact between its members is observed. Secondary K. - more complex in composition, it consists of a number of primary K.

Identification collectivist - a form of humane relations that arises in joint activities, in which the problems of one of the group become motives for the behavior of others.

Children's educational team - 1) the created system of collectivistically, morally and aesthetically educating social relations, activities and communication in the children's environment, contributing to the formation of personality and the development of individuality; 2) a group of a high level of development, where interpersonal relations are mediated by the socially valuable and personally significant content of joint activities.

Collective self-determination - the mental mechanism of individuals gaining freedom in a team, when various individual opinions and points of view are not suppressed by the mechanisms of imitation and suggestion, as in a simple group, but get the opportunity for a relatively free existence.

Team Cohesion - the degree of unity of the team, manifested in the unity of opinions, beliefs, traditions, character interpersonal relationships, moods, etc., as well as in the unity of practical activity. S.'s formation to. is carried out in joint activity.

COMPETENCE OF THE TEACHER PROFESSIONAL - the teacher's possession of the necessary amount of knowledge, skills and abilities that determine the formation of his ped. activities, ped. communication and personality of the teacher as a carrier of certain values, ideals and ped. consciousness.

CONTROL (fr. controle) - 1) observation for the purpose of supervision, verification and identification of deviations from a given goal and their causes; 2) a control function that establishes the degree of compliance decisions taken actual state of affairs.

CULTURE (from lat. cultura - cultivation, upbringing, development, veneration) - a historically defined level of development of society, the creative forces and abilities of a person, expressed in the types and forms of organizing the life and activities of people, in their relationships, as well as in the material and spiritual values. Culture in education acts as its content component, a source of knowledge about nature, society, methods of activity, a person’s emotional-volitional and value attitude towards people around him, work, communication, etc.

Culture is intellectual - the culture of mental work, which determines the ability to set goals for cognitive activity, plan it, perform cognitive operations in various ways, work with sources and office equipment.

culture of personality - 1) the level of development and realization of the essential forces of a person, his abilities and talents; 2) a set of competencies: political and social, related to the ability to take responsibility, participate in joint decision-making, regulate conflicts in a non-violent way, participate in joint decision-making regarding the functioning and development of democratic institutions; competencies related to life in a multicultural society (understanding the differences between representatives of different cultures, languages ​​and religions, respect for other people's traditions, beliefs), etc. K. l. formed in the process of education and training, under the influence of social. environment and personal need for constant development and improvement.

Culture of personality is informational - a set of rules for human behavior in the information society, methods and norms of communication with artificial intelligence systems, dialogue in human-machine systems of "hybrid intelligence", use of telematics, global and local information and computer networks. It includes the ability of a person to realize and master the information picture of the world as a system of symbols and signs, direct and reverse information links, freely navigate in the information society, and adapt to it. Formation To. l. And. is carried out primarily in the process of organized teaching of computer science and information technology at school and the inclusion of modern electronic means of information transmission in the educational process.

mass culture - a culture that is accessible and understandable to all segments of the population and has less artistic value than an elite or folk culture. Therefore, it quickly loses its relevance and goes out of fashion, but it is very popular with young people, often making it difficult for them to master true art.pop culture - slang name M. k.,kitsch - its variety.

Culture of thinking - the degree of a person's mastery of the techniques, norms and rules of mental activity, expressed in the ability to accurately formulate tasks (problems), choose the best methods (paths) for solving them, obtain reasonable conclusions, and correctly use these conclusions in practice. Increases purposefulness, organization, efficiency of any kind of activity.

folk culture (synonym - folklore) - a culture created by anonymous creators who do not have professional training. Includes myths, legends, epics, tales, songs, dances, fairy tales, etc. K. n. associated with the traditions of the area and democratic, since everyone involved in its creation. Its features, trends must be taken into account when selecting the content of education.

Communication culture - a system of knowledge, skills and abilities of adequate behavior in various situations of communication.

Culture of behavior - compliance with the basic requirements and rules of human society, the ability to find the right tone in communicating with others.

A culture of speech - the degree of perfection of oral and written speech, characterized by compliance with its normativity, expressiveness, lexical richness, manner of polite address to interlocutors and the ability to respectfully answer them.

Culture of self-education (self-education culture) - a high level of development and perfection of all components of self-education. The need for self-education is a characteristic quality of a developed personality, a necessary element of its spiritual life. Considered the highest form of satisfaction of the cognitive needs of the individual, self-education is associated with the manifestation of significant volitional efforts, a high degree of consciousness and organization of a person, assuming internal responsibility for one's self-improvement.

Physical culture - the level of formation of the correct attitude of a person to his health and physical condition, due to the way of life, the system of maintaining health and physical culture and sports activities, knowledge of the unity of the harmony of the body and spirit, the development of spiritual and physical forces.

Reading culture - a set of skills in working with a book, including a conscious choice of topics, systematic and consistent reading, as well as the ability to find the right literature with the help of bibliographic aids, use the reference and bibliographic apparatus, apply rational techniques, assimilate and deeply perceive what is read (thesis, note taking, annotating, reviewing, etc.), handle printed works with care.

School culture - a system of relations used to regulate the behavior of ped. the team and its individual members in different conditions and circumstances; collective mindset, mentality, common to ped. team of this school. K. sh. defines standard ways to solve problems, helps to reduce the number of difficulties in new situations, maybe. focused on roles, tasks, on a person, on power (strength).

CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE CHILD - the environment of learning and life of the child, formed by the cultural components of the content of all educational courses of subjects; culture of own active educational and self-educational activity; multicultural space of the educational institution; the culture of communication between children and adults, children's and adolescent associations, the culture of the environment of additional education.

CULTURAL-HISTORICAL THEORY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT - the concept of human mental development, developed in the 20-30s by L. S. Vygotsky with the participation of his students A. N. Leontiev and A. R. Luria. This theory asserts the primacy in the mental development of human social. began over the beginning of natural-biological. According to Vygotsky, the determination of ontogenetic development of a person has the following stages: collective activity and communication - culture (knowledge) - appropriation of culture (training and education) - individual activity - mental development of a person. In different epochs and in different cultures, this abstract structure is filled with concrete content, which gives historical originality to the development of the individual's psyche.

METHOD (from the Greek. methodos - the path of research or knowledge) - a set of relatively homogeneous methods, operations of practical or theoretical development of reality, subject to the solution of a specific problem. In pedagogy, the problem of developing methods of education and training and their classification is one of the main ones.

TRIAL AND ERROR METHOD - one of the types of learning, in which skills and abilities are acquired as a result of repeated repetition of the movements associated with them and the elimination of mistakes made.

PROJECT METHOD - a system of education in which students acquire knowledge and skills in the process of planning and executing progressively more complex practical tasks - projects. Originated in the second half of the 19th century. in USA. In the 1920s, it became widespread in the Soviet school.

RATING METHOD - determination of the evaluation of the activity of Ph.D. person or event. In recent years, it has begun to be used as a method of monitoring and evaluation in the educational process.

CONTROL METHOD - a set of ways and means of purposeful influence of the subject of management on the object of management.

METHODOLOGY OF PEDAGOGY - proceeding from the general methodology of science and the study of trends in social development, the system of knowledge about the starting points of ped. theory, about the principles of approach to the consideration of ped. phenomena and methods of their study, as well as ways to introduce the acquired knowledge into the practice of upbringing, training and education.

EDUCATIONAL METHODS - socially conditioned methods of ped. expedient interaction between adults and children, contributing to the organization of children's life, activities, relationships, communication, stimulating their activity and regulating behavior. The choice of methods of education depends on the purpose of education; leading type of activity; the content and patterns of education; specific tasks and conditions for their solution; age, individual and gender characteristics of pupils; upbringing (education), behavior motivation. The conditions that determine the successful application of M. century are the individual characteristics of the educator as a person, the level of his professional competence.

Methods of control and self-control - ways of obtaining information about the effectiveness of educational influences. These include:ped. observation, conversation, ped. consultation, surveys, analysis of the results of the activities of pupils, the creation of control situations, psychodiagnostics, trainings.

Methods of organizing activities and experience of behavior - ways to identify, consolidate and form positive ways and forms of behavior and moral motivation in the experience of children. Implemented throughassignments, exercises, creating an educational situation, KTD (collective creative work).

Methods of self-education - methods aimed at a conscious change by a person of his personality in accordance with the requirements of society and a personal development plan. This group of methods includes:self-observation, self-analysis, self-order, self-report, self-approval (encouragement), self-condemnation (punishment). The educator leads the pupil to self-education by realizing his own actions through an external assessment, then through the formed self-esteem and the need to comply with it, and then through self-education and self-improvement activities.

Methods for stimulating activity and behavior - ways to encourage pupils to improve their behavior, develop positive motivation for their behavior.

"Explosion" - a method of education, the essence of which lies in the fact that the conflict with the pupil is brought to the last limit, when the only way to defuse the situation is to.-l. a sharp and unexpected measure that can “blow up”, overcome the false position of the pupil. The successful application of this method, introduced by A. S. Makarenko, is possible with the unconditional support of the team, the high skill of the teacher and extreme caution so as not to harm the pupil.

Method of Natural Consequences - a method of education, which consists in the fact that the pupil is invited to eliminate the consequences of a misconduct, and the requirements for both parties are quite obvious and fair (littered - clean it up, broke it - fix it, etc.).

Punishment - inhibition of negative manifestations of the personality with the help of a negative assessment of her actions, the generation of feelings of guilt and remorse.

Promotion - stimulation of positive manifestations of the personality with the help of a high assessment of her actions, generating a feeling of pleasure and joy from the consciousness of recognizing the efforts and efforts of the individual.

Compulsion - ped. influence based on the active manifestation of the will of the educator in relation to pupils who do not have sufficient consciousness and ignore the norms public behavior. Treat P.'s types: drawing up of the characteristic of the schoolboy, in a cut negative features of the student and consequences of his activity are exaggerated; prohibitions on actions and deeds that are desirable for the pupil; incitement to undesirable behavior by the student.

Requirement - ped. influence on the consciousness of the pupil in order to cause, stimulate or slow down certain types of his activity. T. are realized in the personal relationships of teachers and children. T. happensdirect - direct (order, prohibition, indication) and indirect (advice, request, hint, condition) - andmediated expressed through the asset (initiative group) and public opinion.

Consciousness Formation Methods - methods of education aimed at the formation of correct concepts, assessments, judgments, worldview.

Analysis of educational situations - a way to show and analyze ways to overcome moral contradictions that arise in certain situations and conflicts, or to create the situation itself, in which the pupil is included and he needs to really make a moral choice and take appropriate actions.

Conversation - a question-answer method of involving pupils in the discussion and analysis of actions and the development of moral assessments.

Discussion - collective discussion of Ph.D. problem or range of questions in order to find the correct answer. In ped. process is one of the methods active learning. Subject D. is announced in advance. Students should study the relevant literature, obtain the necessary information. During the D. everyone has the right to express their point of view. Discussions form the ability to reason, prove, formulate a problem, etc.

Dispute - a dispute, a way to mobilize the activity of pupils to develop correct judgments and attitudes; a way of teaching the fight against erroneous ideas and concepts, the ability to debate, defend one's views, and convince other people of them.

Conference (ped.) - a collective discussion of books, performances, films in order to highlight the moral standards declared in the work, and form a certain attitude towards them.

Lecture - a consistent presentation of the system of moral ideas and their proof and illustration.

Example - a method of forming a person's consciousness, which consists in illustrating a personal ideal on specific convincing samples and presenting a sample of a ready-made program of behavior and activity. Built on children's tendency to imitate.

Story (as a method of forming the consciousness of pupils) - a small, coherent presentation (in a narrative or descriptive form) of events containing an illustration or analysis of certain moral concepts and assessments.

COMMUNICATION METHODS NON-DIRECTIONAL - methods of social pedagogy used in working with maladjusted, ped. neglected children and adolescents, consisting in the use of metaphors, stories, fairy tales, proverbs, sayings, anecdotes, etc. in order to clarify the meaning of the child's problems and ways to solve them.

TEACHING METHODS - a system of consistent, interrelated actions of the teacher and students, ensuring the assimilation of the content of education, the development of mental strength and abilities of students, their mastery of the means of self-education and self-learning. M. o. designate the purpose of learning, the method of assimilation and the nature of the interaction of subjects of learning.

Methods of control and self-control in training - methods for obtaining information by the teacher and students about the effectiveness of the learning process. They allow you to establish how ready students are for the perception and assimilation of new knowledge, identify the causes of their difficulties and mistakes, determine the effectiveness of the organization, methods and means of teaching, etc. They are divided intooral (individual, frontal and condensed surveys);written (written works, dictations, presentations, compositions, abstracts, etc.);practical (practical work, experiments);graphic (graphs, diagrams, tables);programmed (machineless, machine);observation; self-control.

Methods of organization and implementation of educational and cognitive activities - a group of teaching methods aimed at organizing the educational and cognitive activity of students, identified by Yu. K. Babansky and including all existing teaching methods according to other classifications in the form of subgroups. 1) Subgroup on the source of information and perception:verbal methods (story, lecture, conversation, conference, debate, explanation);visual methods (illustration method, demonstration method);practical methods (exercises, laboratory experiments, work assignments). 2) Subgroup on the logic of thinking:inductive teaching methods (the logic of disclosure of the content of the studied material from particular to general);deductive learning methods (the logic of disclosing the content of the topic under study from general to particular). 3) Subgroup according to the degree of independence and activity of cognitive activity of students:reproductive methods (active perception, memorization and reproduction (reproduction) of the reported educational information verbal, practical or visual methods and tricks);problem-search methods of teaching (the assimilation of knowledge, the development of skills and abilities are carried out in the process of partial search or research activities of students. It is implemented through verbal, visual and practical teaching methods, interpreted in the key of posing and resolving a problem situation).

Independent work methods - independent work performed by students on the instructions of the teacher and carried out with his direct (in the classroom, self-training in the extended day group) or indirect guidance, and independent work performed on the student's own initiative (access to the level of self-education).

Methods for stimulating and motivating learning - a group of methods aimed at forming and consolidating a positive attitude to learning and stimulating active cognitive activity of students, identified according to the classification of teaching methods proposed by Yu. K. Babansky, and includes two subgroups.Methods for stimulating and motivating interest in learning (creation of emotional moral experiences, situations of novelty, surprise, relevance; cognitive games; theatricalization and dramatization; discussions, analysis of life situations; creation of a situation of success in learning);methods of stimulating debt and responsibility (explanation of the personal and social significance of the doctrine; requirements, rewards and punishments).

METHODS OF PEDAGOGICAL RESEARCH - a set of methods and techniques for cognition of the objective laws of education, upbringing and development.

Document analysis method - a study of the results of activities in the field of education, carried out on the basis of an analysis of plans of a different nature and purpose, programs, educational and methodological materials, certification, licensing and accreditation materials, etc.

Conversation method - obtaining verbal information about a person, a team, a group both from the subject of research itself and from the people around him. In the latter case, B. acts as an element of the method of generalization of independent characteristics.

twin method - comparative study of psychology. characteristics and development of children with the same (homozygous twins) and different (heterozygous) heredity. Is used for scientific solution the question of the degree of influence of genes or the environment on the formation of psychol. properties and characteristics of human behavior.

Method for studying products of creativity - diagnostics of a person's mental characteristics through inclusion in a standardized creative activity. M.'s examples and. etc.: a test for drawing a human figure (a variant of Goodenough and Machover), a test for drawing a tree (Koch), a test for drawing a house, a fictional hypothetical animal, etc. The method of psychol., but is very widely used in ped. research and in the process of studying the personality of students by a teacher or educator.

Observation method - targeted, systematic fixation of the specifics of the flow of certain ped. phenomena, manifestations in them of a person, a team, a group of people, the results obtained. Observations m.b.:solid Andselective; included Andsimple; uncontrollable Andcontrolled (when registering observed events according to a previously worked out procedure);field (when observed in natural conditions) andlaboratory (under experimental conditions), etc.

Method of generalization of independent characteristics - studies based on the generalization of the largest possible number of information about the individual being studied, obtained from the largest possible number of persons observing him in the largest possible number of his activities; compilation of characteristics of a person or event by various experts independently of each other.

sociometric method - study of the structure, nature of people's relations based on the measurement of their interpersonal choice. This measurement takes place according to a certain sociometric criterion, and its results take the form of a sociometric matrix, or sociogram. The use of this method by the teacher in the process of forming a children's team allows him to find more productive ways of influencing both the entire team or small groups, and its individual members.

terminological method - operating with basic and peripheral concepts of the problem, analysis of ped. phenomena through the analysis of the concepts fixed in the language of the theory of pedagogy.

Test method - the study of personality by diagnosing (psychoprognostic) its mental states, functions based on the performance of Ph.D. standardized task.

Modeling (in ped.) - building copies, models of ped. materials, phenomena and processes. Used for a schematic representation of the investigated ped. systems. By "model" is meant a system of objects or signs that reproduces some of the essential properties of the original, capable of replacing it in such a way that its study provides new information about this object.

EDUCATION - 1) the process and result of the assimilation of a certain system of knowledge in the interests of a person, society and the state, accompanied by a statement of the achievement by a citizen (student) of educational levels (qualifications) established by the state. O. are obtained mainly in the process of education and upbringing in educational institutions under the guidance of teachers. However, self-education also plays an ever-increasing role, i.e., the acquisition of a system of knowledge independently; 2) a system of conditions and educational, methodological and scientific bodies and institutions specially organized in society, necessary for human development; 3) the process of change, development, improvement of the existing system of knowledge and relationships throughout life, the absolute form of endless, continuous mastery of new knowledge, skills and abilities in connection with changing living conditions, accelerating scientific and technological progress; 4) a diverse personality-oriented activity that ensures self-determination, self-development and self-realization of a person in a dynamic socio-cultural environment; formation, development, growth of the personality itself as such; 5) formation of a way of thinking, actions of a person in society; the creation of a person in accordance with his quality, measure, essence, revealed in each specific historical period to a certain level (N. P. Pi-shchulin).

Education global - the formation of students' understanding of the world on the basis ofholistic (perception of the world as a whole) andhumanistic views. The concept of OG is focused on developing students' awareness that the Earth is a common home for all the inhabitants of the planet, all people are one family, and each person is able to actively participate in the world order.Communication, contact, understanding, empathy, sympathy, solidarity, cooperation are the basic concepts of O. g.

Additional education ■- educational programs and services implemented in order to fully meet the educational needs of citizens, society and the state in educational institutions vocational education outside the main educational programs that determine their status, in educational institutions of educational institutions: advanced training institutions, courses, vocational guidance centers, music and art schools, art schools, children's art houses, stations for young technicians, stations for young naturalists, etc. p. (Law of the Russian Federation "On Education").

Classical education - a type of general secondary education, providing for the systematic study of ancient languages ​​​​and mathematics as the main subjects.

Education continuous - Purposeful acquisition by a person of knowledge, skills and abilities throughout his life in educational institutions and through organized self-education. O.'s purpose n. - maintaining the socially and individually necessary level of culture, general education and professional training. It is organized on the principles of universality, democracy, accessibility, continuity, integrativity, succession, the principle of self-education, flexibility and efficiency.

Polytechnic education - education focused on familiarizing students with the basic principles of organizing modern production, waste-free and environmentally friendly technologies, teaching skills in handling computer equipment and the simplest modern tools for mechanized and automated labor.

EDUCATION - 1) a specially organized, controlled process of interaction between teachers and students, aimed at mastering knowledge, skills and abilities, shaping a worldview, developing the mental strength and potential of students, developing and consolidating self-education skills in accordance with the goals set; 2) awakening and satisfaction of the cognitive activity of a person by introducing him to general and professional knowledge, methods of obtaining, preserving and applying it in personal practice; 3) purposeful influence on the development of the information and operational sphere of a person; 4) a two-way process carried out by the teacher (teaching) and the student (teaching).

Tuition included - specially organized and planned educational activities aimed at obtaining a practical result, and the knowledge necessary for this is acquired along the way.

distance learning - educational technology, with a cut every person living in any place gets the opportunity to study the program of any college or university. The implementation of this goal is ensured by the richest set of modern information technologies: textbooks and other printed publications, transmission of studied materials via computer telecommunications, videotapes, discussions and seminars conducted via computer telecommunications, broadcasting of educational programs on national and regional television and radio stations, cable television and voice mail, two-way video conferences, one-way video broadcasting with feedback by phone, etc. O.D. provides students with flexibility in choosing the place and time of training, the opportunity to study without interrupting their main activity, including for those living in the most remote areas, freedom of choice disciplines, the opportunity to communicate with prominent representatives of science, education and culture, contributes to the interactive interaction of students and teachers, the activation of independent work and the satisfaction of self-educational needs of students.

Integrated training - joint education of children with disabilities and children with minor disabilities and developmental disabilities together with healthy children in order to facilitate the process of their socialization and integration in the society of the latter. O. i. It happenscombined (the student studies in a class / group of healthy children and receives systematic help from a defectologist teacher),partial (some children spend part of the day in special groups, and part in regular ones),temporary (children studying in special groups and students of ordinary classes unite for joint walks, holidays, competitions, individual cases),complete (1-2 children with developmental disabilities join regular groups kindergarten, classes, schools, correctional assistance to them is provided by parents under the supervision of specialists).

Contextual learning - training, in which subject and social are combined. the content of the future professional work and thus the conditions for the transfer of the student's educational activity into the professional activity of a specialist are provided. O. to. allows to overcome the main contradiction vocational training, which lies in the fact that mastering the activities of a specialist should be provided within the framework and means of a qualitatively different - educational activity. This contradiction is overcome in O. to. due to the implementation of a dynamic model of the movement of students' activities: from the actual educational activity (in the form of a lecture, for example) through quasi-professional (game forms) and educational and professional (research work of students, Internship etc.) to the actual professional activity. Developed by A. A. Verbitsky.

Polytechnic education - training focused on the assimilation by students of the general scientific principles of modern production, the mastery of practical techniques and skills in handling technical means of production and tools, and the formation of the ability to navigate modern technology and technology, in their development trends. During the Soviet period, all general education schools in the country were polytechnics. Currently, O. p. is carried out in special educational institutions that train specialists in technical professions.

Problem learning - active developmental learning, based on the organization of the search activities of students, on the identification and resolution of real life or educational contradictions. The foundation of an OP is the formulation and substantiation of a problem (a complex cognitive task of theoretical or practical interest). If the problem interested the trainees, then a problem situation arises. There are three levels of problematicness in the educational process:problematic exposition,partial search Andresearch levels. O. p. was developed by S. L. Rubinshtein, N. A. Menchinskaya, A. M. Matyushkin, M. N. Skatkin, M. I. Makhmutov, I. Ya. Lerner and others.

Programmed training - one of the types of training carried out according to a pre-compiled training program, which is usually implemented with the help of programmed textbooks and teaching machines. With O. p., the material and activity of the student are divided into portions (doses) and steps (stages of training); the execution of each step is controlled, the transition to the assimilation of the next portion of the material depends on the quality of assimilation of the previous one. This construction of training provides a deeper and more complete assimilation of the material by students. O. p. was developed by B. F. Skinner, N. Crowder (USA), domestic psychologists and educators - A. I. Berg, V. P. Bespalko, A. N. Leontiev, P. Ya. Galperin, Yu A. Samarin, T. A. Ilyina and others.

Developmental training - orientation of the educational process to the potential of a person and their implementation. In the concept of O. river. The child is considered not as an object of the teacher's teaching influences, but as a self-changing subject of learning.

OBJECT OF STUDY (in ped.) - ped. space, area, within which the swarm is (contains) what will be studied. O. i. ped. science is the sphere of training and education of people, andsubject - patterns of processes occurring in this area. Within O. and. you can talk about different subjects of research.

PEDAGOGY - 1) a science that studies the objective laws of the development of a concrete historical process of education, organically related to the laws of the development of social relations and the formation of a child's personality, as well as the experience of real social educational practice in the formation of the younger generations, the features and conditions of the organization of ped. process; 2) a set of theoretical and applied sciences that study upbringing, education and training; 3) the science of educational relations that arise in the process of the relationship of upbringing, education and training with self-education, self-education and self-training and aimed at human development; 4) a training course, which is taught in a ped. educational institutions and other institutions for major programs.

PEDAGOGICAL PROCESS - a holistic educational process in the unity and interconnection of education and training, characterized by joint activities, cooperation and co-creation of its subjects, contributing to the most complete development and self-realization of the personality of the pupil. The process that realizes the goals of education and upbringing in the conditions of ped. systems in which educators and students interact in an organized manner (educational, educational, vocational and educational institutions, children's associations and organizations).

PEDAGOGICAL SITUATION - 1) a set of conditions and circumstances specially set by the teacher or arising spontaneously in the ped. process. The purpose of creation: the formation and development of the student as a future active subject in public and labor activity, the formation of him as a person; 2) short-term interaction of a teacher with a student (group, class) based on opposing norms, values ​​and interests, accompanied by significant emotional manifestations and aimed at restructuring existing relationships.

TEACHING - special professional activities of adults aimed at transferring to children the amount of knowledge, skills and abilities and educating them in the learning process; orderly activities of the teacher to achieve the goal of learning (educational tasks) and ensure information, awareness and practical application of knowledge.

PRINCIPLES OF EDUCATION SOCIO-CULTURAL - the initial provisions of the pedagogy of culture, which boil down to the following: the implementation of personality development is possible only in a cultural environment; the implementation of the concepts of developmental education, pedagogy and developmental psychology is impossible without a purposeful organization of the cultural environment educational institution; the cultural environment creates a variety of development zones and the situation of their choice, which implies the freedom of the child's cultural self-determination; the cultural environment of an educational institution arises only in the joint activities of children and adults.

TECHNOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF PEDAGOGICAL ACTIVITY - the main provisions of the ped. technologies that determine the success of the implementation of ped. interactions:taking into account the level of upbringing of children and adolescents (presentation of only such requirements, which are adequate to the level of moral knowledge and behavior of pupils);focus on the relationship of the child to the world around (only the attitude of the pupil to this or that phenomenon determines the degree of morality or immorality of his actions);measure principle (any influence on the pupil or interaction with him is effective only when the measure is observed in emotions, the variety of pedagogical means, forms and methods used);the principle of dynamism ped. positions (ped. positions of teacher and student, educator and student are mobile and interdependent: both teacher and student can act either as subjects or as objects of interaction);compensatory principle (not every teacher has the whole set of pedagogical abilities, therefore it is necessary to solve problems at the expense of those pedagogical abilities that manifest themselves most fully and vividly);principle of originality and novelty impact requires constant replenishment and expansion of the arsenal of ped. methods and means, to-rye will allow each meeting with the pupil to be extraordinary and memorable;cultural principle ped. activity involves the use of means, methods and techniques in ped. interaction from various related fields: art, psychotherapy, medicine, etc.;sensorological principle technological ped. activity determines that the success of ped. interaction depends on the sensations that accompany it: color, smells, sounds, etc. Developed by N.E. Shchurkova.

PRINCIPLES OF A HOLISTIC PEDAGOGICAL PROCESS (ped.) - initial provisions that determine the content, forms, methods, means and nature of interaction in a holistic ped. process; guiding ideas, regulatory requirements for its organization and conduct. They bear the character of the most general guidelines, rules, norms governing the whole process.

Accessibility in education and upbringing (in ped.) - the principle, according to Krom, educational and educational work is built taking into account the age, individual and gender characteristics of students, their level of education and upbringing. In accordance with this principle, the teaching of the material is carried out with a gradual increase in difficulties from simple to complex, from known to unknown. But this principle cannot be interpreted as a reduction in requirements; it orients the teacher to the immediate prospects for the development of the child.

Individual approach in education - implementation pedagogical process taking into account the individual characteristics of students (temperament, character, abilities, inclinations, motives, interests, etc.) - The essence of I. p. is the flexible use by the teacher of various forms and methods of educational influence in order to achieve optimal results of the educational process in relation to each to kid.

The collective nature of upbringing and education in combination with the development of the individual characteristics of the personality of each child- the implementation of this principle is the organization of both individual and frontal work, and group work, which requires participants to be able to cooperate, coordinate joint actions, and be in constant interaction. Socialization in the process of educational interaction unites the interests of the individual with the public.

visibility (in ped.) - the principle, according to Krom, training is based on specific samples, directly perceived by students not only through visual, but also motor, as well as tactile sensations. N. in the educational process, provided with the help of a variety of illustrations, demonstrations, TSO, laboratory and practical work and computerization, enriches the range of ideas of students, develops observation and thinking, and helps to more deeply assimilate educational material.

Science in education and upbringing - the principle, according to which the trainees are offered for assimilation only firmly established positions in science and teaching methods are used that are close in nature to the methods of science, the basics of which are studied. Students need to be familiar with history. major discoveries and modern ideas and hypotheses; actively use problematic research teaching methods, active learning technology. Remember that no matter how elementary the transmitted knowledge may be, it should not contradict science.

The principle of cultural conformity - the maximum use in the upbringing and education of the culture of that environment, nation, society, country, region, in which a particular educational institution is located.

The principle of natural conformity - the starting position, requiring that the leading link in any educational interaction and ped. process acted as a child (teenager) with its specific characteristics and level of development. The nature of the pupil, the state of his health, physical, physiological, mental and social. development - the main and determining factors of education, playing the role of environmental protection of man.

The principle of cooperation - orientation in the process of education to the priority of the individual; creation of favorable conditions for its self-determination, self-realization and self-promotion in development; organization of joint life activity of adults and children on the basis of intersubjective relations, dialogical interaction, the predominance of empathy in interpersonal relationships.

Strength, awareness and effectiveness of the results of education and training - the principle, the essence of which is that the mastery of knowledge, skills, abilities and worldview ideas is achieved only when they are thoroughly comprehended and well assimilated, and are stored in memory for a long time. This principle is implemented through constant, thoughtful and systematic repetition, exercise, consolidation, testing and evaluation of knowledge, skills, habits and norms and rules of conduct.

Relationship between theory and practice - a principle that requires a harmonious connection of scientific knowledge with the practice of everyday life. Theory gives knowledge of the world, practice teaches how to effectively influence it. It is implemented by creating conditions for the transition in the process of training and education from concrete-practical thinking to abstract-theoretical and vice versa, the application of the acquired knowledge in practice, the formation of an understanding that practice acts as a source of abstract thinking and as a criterion for the truth of the knowledge obtained.

Systematic and consistent - observance of logical connections in the learning process, which ensures the assimilation of educational material in a larger volume and more firmly. S. and p. allow you to achieve great results in less time. Implemented in various forms planning and in a certain way organized training.

Consciousness, activity, self-activity - the principle, the essence of which boils down to the fact that the student's own cognitive activity is an important factor in learning and upbringing and has a decisive influence on the pace, depth and strength of mastering the transmitted amount of knowledge and norms and the speed of developing skills, habits and habits. Conscious participation in the educational process enhances its developmental influence. Contribute to the implementation of this principle methods and techniques of activation of cognitive activity and technology of active learning.

Respect for the personality of the child, combined with reasonable demands on him - a principle that requires the teacher to respect the pupil as a person. A peculiar form of respect for the personality of the child is reasonable exactingness, the educational potential of a cut increases significantly if it is objectively expedient, dictated by the needs of the educational process, the tasks of the full development of the personality. The exactingness of students must be combined with the exactingness of the teacher to himself, taking into account the opinion of his pupils about himself. Respect for the individual implies reliance on the positive in a person (cf.achievement motivation).

TEACHER PROFESSIONAL - a document in which a complete qualification description of a teacher is given from the standpoint of the requirements for his knowledge, skills and abilities; to his personality, abilities, psycho-physiological capabilities and level of training.

PROCESS OF EDUCATION - process ped. interaction, in Krom, in accordance with the requirements of the individual and society, an organized educational influence arises, which has as its goal the formation of the personality, the organization and stimulation of the vigorous activity of the educated in mastering their social. and spiritual experiences, values ​​and attitudes.

PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT - the process of a natural change in personality as a result of its socialization. Possessing natural anatomical and physiological prerequisites for the formation of personality, in the process of socialization, the child interacts with the outside world, mastering the achievements of mankind. The abilities and functions that develop in the course of this process reproduce in the personality the historically formed human qualities. The mastery of reality in the child is carried out in his activity with the help of adults: thus, the process of upbringing is the leading one in the development of his personality. R. l. is carried out in an activity controlled by a system of motives inherent in a given person. In the most general form, R. l. can be represented as a process of entry of a person into a new social. environment and integration in it as a result of this process. With the successful completion of integration in a highly developed pro-social community, a person acquires such qualities as humanity, trust in people, justice, self-determination, exactingness towards oneself, etc., etc.

professional development - growth, formation of professionally significant personal qualities and abilities, professional knowledge and skills, active qualitative transformation of one's personality inner world, leading to a fundamentally new structure and way of life - creative self-realization in the profession.

mental development - a complex dynamic system of quantitative and qualitative changes occurring in the intellectual activity of a person as a result of mastering the experience that corresponds to the socio-historical conditions in which he lives, age and individual characteristics his psyche.Level RU. - a set of knowledge, skills and mental actions formed during their assimilation, free operation of them in the processes of thinking, ensuring the assimilation of new knowledge and skills in a certain amount. Information about the level of R. at. m.b. obtained either by long-term psychol.-ped. observations, or by conducting diagnostic tests using special techniques.

SELF-EDUCATION - conscious and purposeful activity of a person to form and improve positive and eliminate negative qualities. The main condition for S. is the presence of true knowledge about oneself, correct self-esteem, self-awareness, clearly conscious goals, ideals, personal meanings. S. is inextricably linked with education.

SELF-EDUCATION - specially organized, amateur, systematic cognitive activity aimed at achieving certain personally and (or) socially significant educational goals: satisfaction of cognitive interests, general cultural and professional needs and professional development. It is usually built on the model of systematized forms of education, but is regulated by the subject himself.

Professional self-education of a teacher - multicomponent personally and professionally significant independent cognitive activity of the teacher, includinggeneral education, subject, psychological and pedagogical Andmethodical self-education. S. contributes to the formation of an individual style of professional activity, helps to comprehend ped. experience and own independent activity, is a means of self-knowledge and self-improvement. Types of S. at. P.:background general education, background ped., promising Andactual. Developed by G. M. Code-jaspirova.

SELF-EDUCATION - the process of obtaining knowledge by a person through his own aspirations and independently chosen means.

SELF-DETERMINATION OF THE PERSON - the process and result of a conscious choice by a person of his own position, goals and means of self-realization in specific circumstances of life.

SELF-ESTEEM - a person's assessment of himself, his strengths and weaknesses, opportunities, qualities, his place among other people. S. happensrelevant (how a person sees and evaluates himself at the present time),retrospective (how a person sees and evaluates himself in relation to previous stages of life),ideal (how a person would like to see himself, his reference ideas about himself),reflexive (how, from the point of view of a person, people around him evaluate him).

SELF-REALIZATION OF THE PERSON - the most complete identification of the personality of their individual and professional capabilities.

THE PEDAGOGICAL SYSTEM - a set of interrelated means, methods and processes necessary to create an organized, purposeful ped. influence on the formation of a personality with given qualities.

PEDAGOGICAL TOOLS - material objects and objects of spiritual culture, intended for the organization and implementation of ped. process and performing functions of student development; subject support ped. process, as well as a variety of activities, which include pupils: work, play, teaching, communication, knowledge.

Pedagogical software tools - application software packages for use in the learning process in various subjects.

Teaching aids (TUT) - devices and devices that serve to improve the ped. process, improving the efficiency and quality of education through the demonstration of audiovisual aids.

SUBJECT (from lat. subjectum - subject) - the carrier of subject-practical activity and knowledge, carrying out a change in other people and in oneself. The subjectivity of a person is manifested in his life, communication, self-consciousness.

TECHNOLOGY OF TRAINING AND EDUCATION (EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY) - a new (since the 50s) direction in ped. science, which is engaged in the design of optimal learning systems, design learning processes. It is a system of methods, techniques, steps, the sequence of implementation of which provides a solution to the problems of education, training and development of the personality of the pupil, and the activity itself is presented procedurally, that is, as a certain system of actions; development and procedural implementation of ped components. process in the form of a system of actions that provides a guaranteed result. P. t. serves as a concretization of the methodology. At the heart of T. o. and in. lies the idea of ​​complete controllability of the educational process, design and reproducibility of teaching and educational cycles.

ASSOCIATION - mastery of a person in the process of learning actions, concepts, forms of behavior developed by society. It takes place in several stages:perception, understanding, memorization, possibility of practical use (application).

TEACHING - specially organized cognition; cognitive activity of trainees, aimed at mastering the amount of knowledge, skills, ways of learning activities.

FORM (in Ped.) - a way of existence of the educational process, a shell for its inner essence, logic and content. F. is primarily related to the number of trainees, the time and place of training, and the procedure for its implementation.

Forms of organization of the educational process - forms within which the educational process is carried out; a system of expedient organization of collective and individual activities of pupils. F. o. V. items are added up depending ondirections educational work (forms of aesthetic education, physical education, etc.);quantity participants (group, mass, individual).

Forms of organization of training - external expression of the coordinated activity of the teacher and students, carried out in a certain order and mode:lesson, excursions, home academic work, consultations, seminar, electives, workshops, additional classes.

TARGET - 1) one of the elements of behavior, conscious activity, which is characterized by anticipation in consciousness, thinking of the result of activity and ways, ways to achieve it; 2) a conscious image of the anticipated result, the achievement of which is directed by the action of a person.

Goal-setting pedagogical - a conscious process of identifying and setting goals and objectives of the ped. activities; the teacher's need to plan his work, readiness to change tasks depending on the ped. situations; the ability to transform social goals into the goals of joint activities with pupils.

Pedagogical expediency - measure ped. intervention, reasonable sufficiency. Providing independence and opportunities for self-expression to the pupil himself.

The purpose of education - theoretical generalization and expression of the needs of society in a certain type of personality, ideal requirements for its essence, individuality, properties and qualities, mental, physical, moral, aesthetic development and attitude to life.

Purpose of education - educational ideal, set by the social. ordered and implemented through various approaches.Extensive Model C. o. - transfer of the fullest possible amount of accumulated experience, cultural achievements, assistance to the student in self-determination on this cultural basis.productive model - preparing students for those types of activities, to which he will be engaged, and for the structure of employment, which supports the development of social. community and its own development.intensive model - preparing students, on the basis of the development of their universal qualities, not only for the development of certain knowledge, but also for their constant improvement and development of their own creative potentials.

Purpose pedagogical - the result of the interaction between the teacher and the student, formed in the mind of the teacher in the form of generalized mental representations, in accordance with which all other components of the ped are then selected and correlated with each other. process.

Purpose of pedagogical research - identification of cause-and-effect relationships and patterns in ped. phenomena and the development of theories and techniques based on them.

Acmeology- a science that studies the laws of the mental development of a person during his heyday, the highest ("peak") achievements (acme), the psychological mechanisms of self-improvement of the individual and the acquisition of social and personal maturity. Acmeology also explores subjective and objective factors that contribute to the achievement of the heights of professionalism.

Activity- general characteristics of living beings; property of the psyche; personality property. Activity is a condition for the formation, manifestation of the modification of the psyche, personality. Early and preschool childhood is characterized by the development of such basic types of activity as physical, mental, social. The activity of the child is inextricably linked with training, the development of self-regulation. Activity and its self-regulation are considered significant internal conditions of giftedness (N. S. Leites).

Amplification of child development (from lat. amplificatio- distribution, increase) - enrichment, maximum deployment of those valuable qualities in relation to which given age the most favorable, receptive. Amplification involves the development of the child mainly in "specifically children's" activities (A. V. Zaporozhets).

Affect(from lat. affectus- emotional excitement, passion): 1) in the narrow sense - a strong, rapidly flowing and relatively short-term emotional state, not controlled by consciousness and arising in critical conditions with the inability to find an adequate way out of an unexpected situation; 2) in a broad sense - a general characteristic of the emotional, sensual sphere, in contrast to the cognitive one (affect and intellect, affective and cognitive).

Leading activity - the type of activity that causes the most important changes in the psyche, the emergence of neoplasms at the stage of its development; activities that most contribute to the mental development of the child in a given period of his life, leading the development behind him (A.N. Leontiev). Each age is characterized by its leading activity. In infancy, it is direct emotional and personal communication, in the early years - subject-tool activity, in preschool - play, in primary school - educational, in adolescence - intimate personal communication with peers, in senior school, in youth - educational and professional activities ( according to D. B. Elkonin).

Age sensitive - the period most favorable for the effective development of specific mental functions, especially sensitive to a certain type of environmental influence.

Perception- a mental cognitive process, which is a reflection in the mind of objects and phenomena of the material world with their direct impact on the senses.

Gender differences - such differences concern not only primary and secondary sexual characteristics, but also neuropsychological characteristics, cognitive, emotional spheres, social roles and behavior patterns, mental qualities. So, in boys, compared to girls, large motor skills are better developed, in girls - fine motor skills. Female representatives have a larger vocabulary, higher fluency and speed of speech than males. Girls begin to draw earlier than boys and are more willing to do it, they are able to express more subtle judgments about art. They are characterized by greater sensitivity, they are more inclined to turn to authorities, feel more confident and are more active in situations related to communication than boys. It has now been revealed that children of different sexes perceive and process information (positive) differently, include different cortical systems, which largely determines their different emotional attitudes to the perceived world and its division. Accounting for gender differences in the educational process - important condition improve its efficiency.

Humanism(from lat. humanus- human) - a set of worldviews that express respect for the dignity and human rights to freedom, happiness, all-round development and manifestation of one's abilities.

Humanistic psychology - one of the directions of modern psychological science, recognizing as its main subject a holistic personality in the process of its self-development. According to the concept developed by representatives of humanistic psychology (A. Maslow, K. Rogers, S. Buller, etc.), the main thing in a person is his aspiration for the future, for personal growth and self-improvement, for the free realization of his capabilities, especially creative ones.

Deprivation- a mental state that occurs in such life situations where a person is not given the opportunity to satisfy significant needs for him sufficiently and for a sufficiently long time. D. is characterized by pronounced deviations in the emotional and intellectual development, disruption of social contacts.

Dialogical communication - communication based on the unconditional internal acceptance of each other as values ​​in themselves and focused on the uniqueness of each of the communication partners. Before. effective for mutual understanding, establishing friendly relationships.

differential psychology - the branch of psychological science that studies the psychological differences between individuals and groups of people, as well as the causes, sources and consequences of these differences.

Shyness - a personality trait that characterizes excessive modesty, a person's underestimation of his abilities and virtues, which negatively affects emotional well-being and communication with people.

Zone of proximal (potential) development - discrepancy in the difficulty of tasks solved by the child independently (current level of development) and under the guidance of an adult; The zone of proximal development is the area of ​​not mature, but maturing processes; is determined by those possibilities of the pupil, which he himself cannot yet realize at the present time, but which, thanks to cooperation with adults (or an older peer), will be his own property in the near future. The concept of the zone of proximal development was introduced by L. S. Vygotsky; it is widely used in developmental and educational psychology in solving problems of the relationship between learning and development.

A game- a type of unproductive activity, the main motive of which is not in the result, not in obtaining utilitarian things, but in the process itself. I. passes through the whole life of a person. In preschool childhood, it acquires the status of a leading activity. There are several types of children's games - role-playing (including directing), games with rules (including didactic, mobile), dramatization games. Of particular importance for the development of a preschooler is attached to a role-playing game in which children play the roles of adults in a generalized form, under specially created conditions (using substitute objects), reproduce the activities of adults and the relationship between them (D. B. Elkonin). In domestic psychology, the game is considered as a social activity both in origin and in content. The development of the play activity of a preschooler is largely determined by the adults interacting with them (parents, teachers). It is important that they treat the game not as an object of control, but as a condition for the development of the child, his creativity.

playing position - the quality of the personality, significant for game activity; a special attitude of an adult (parent, teacher) towards children, expressed with the help of game techniques; a complex formation that includes closely related reflection (the ability to see the real situation from the outside and isolate gaming opportunities in it), infantilization (the ability to establish trusting relationships with others), empathy (the ability to feel the game states of other people), activity (the ability to find non-standard ways to achieve the goal). The game position is based on the general principles of the game (self-worth, non-utility, voluntariness, game equality, etc.) and involves mastering the in-game language expressed in words, gestures, facial expressions, and plasticity. The formed game position (“partner”, “director”, “co-player”, “coordinator”) facilitates inclusion in the children's game, allows an adult to have a positive impact on its development through communication. The game position of the teacher is also significant for establishing an atmosphere of trust.

Identification (from lat. identufucare- identify) - identification of something, someone in the process of comparison, comparison of one object with another; assimilation, the process of unconscious identification of oneself with another person, group or model; as a mechanism of interpersonal cognition, I. involves transferring oneself into the space and time of another person.

Individual(from lat. ind.ividu.um- “indivisible”) - a person as a single natural being, a representative, a product of phylo- and ontogenetic development, the unity of innate and acquired, a carrier of individually unique, primarily biologically determined, traits.

Individuality - the originality of a person as an individual and personality; the uniqueness of the combination of the qualities of a child (adult). Individuality is manifested in the appearance of a person, the expressiveness of his movements, in the features of the course of mental processes and states, in character traits, temperament properties, the specifics of interests, needs, abilities, talents. The prerequisite for the formation of human individuality is the anatomical and physiological inclinations that are transformed, fully revealed in the process of education.

Individual approach - a psychological and pedagogical principle, which implies taking into account in the educational process the individual and personal characteristics of the educated (learned), the success of his activity, his style, living conditions. I. p. to the child (his parents) is an important condition for the humanization of the pedagogical process in preschool(school); it is typical for a teacher with a personality-oriented model of behavior.

Individual style of activity - a system of relatively stable, individually unique methods and techniques for solving problems that arise in the process of different types of human activity. Individual style of activity arises as a result of internal and external factors. In the process of education, it is important to promote the development of a style of activity that would correspond to its individual characteristics, the specifics of the activity carried out by it. A pronounced individual style of activity gives originality to human activity, “colors” it in a special way, and often contributes to an increase in its effectiveness.

Intelligence(from lat. intellectus- understanding, knowledge) - the totality of all cognitive processes individual (sensations, perceptions, ideas, memory, imagination, thinking); general ability to learn, solve problems, associated with success in any activity.

Climate socio-psychological (from gr. klima- slope) - the qualitative side of interpersonal relations, manifested in the form of a set of psychological conditions that contribute to or hinder productive joint activities and the development of the individual in a group. The socio-psychological climate is manifested in the prevailing mental states typical of group members, the sociometric structure of their relationships, cohesion, harmony of the group, etc.

Competence (from lat. competens - appropriate, capable) an individual characteristic of the degree of compliance with the requirements of the profession; a combination of mental qualities, a mental state that allows you to act responsibly and independently. There are several types of professional competence: special (possession of professional activity proper at a sufficiently high level and the ability to design one’s future Professional Development); social (ownership of joint professional activities, cooperation, methods of professional communication accepted in this profession, social responsibility for the results of one's professional work); personal (possession of methods of personal self-expression and self-development, means of confronting personality deformation); individual (possession of methods of self-realization and development of individuality within the framework of the profession, readiness for professional personal growth, the ability for individual self-preservation, the ability to rationally organize one's work, to carry it out without fatigue); extreme professional (willingness to work successfully in suddenly complicated conditions) (according to A.K. Markova).

Correction(from lat. correctio- correction) psychological - psychological and pedagogical impact on the psyche of an individual or on the socio-psychological state of a group (children's society) in order to prevent or mitigate shortcomings in the development of an individual (group).

Creativity - a personality trait, the ability for creativity and mental transformation.

age crisis - a transitional stage from one period of age development to another, characterized by intense qualities, systemic changes in social relations, activity and mental organization of a person.

Leader(from English. leader- leading) - a member of the group with direct and indirect psychological influence on the members of the group, recognizing his right to make decisions in significant situations.

Personal microenvironment - components of the social environment with which a person directly interacts and which most cause him emotional experiences. In the personal microenvironment of the child, first of all, there are people with whom he communicates “face to face” (father, mother, grandparents, brothers and sisters, teacher, peers), direct interaction with whom is especially significant for the development of his personality.

motive- an internal motivator of activity, giving it a personal meaning.

Thinking- a mental process characterized by a generalized and indirect reflection of reality. There are several types of thinking. According to the prevailing methods and mental processes included in thinking, they distinguish: visual-effective thinking, characterized by the fact that the solution of a problem, the acquisition of new knowledge for the subject is carried out by real action with objects, their transformations in a visually perceived situation; visual-figurative - is associated with the representation of situations and changes in them, is carried out with the help of images that recreate the variety of various characteristics of objects and phenomena; verbal-logical, characterized by the use of concepts, language means in the process of solving problems. Depending on the nature of the problem being solved, the content of thinking, there are: theoretical and practical thinking, technical, artistic, musical, etc.; according to the degree of development and awareness, thinking is discursive and intuitive; according to the degree of novelty and originality of solving problems and tasks - reproductive (reproducing) and creative.

Personal orientation - one of its most important properties; expressed in the system of leading motives of behavior, interests, ideals, beliefs.

Communication- a complex, multifaceted process of establishing and developing contacts between people, generated by the needs of joint activities and communication. O. is carried out by means of verbal (speech) and non-verbal (non-speech) means. The latter include facial expressions, gestures, gaze, posture, intonation of voice, spatial organization communication, etc.

gifted child - a child with obvious, sometimes outstanding achievements(or having internal prerequisites for such achievements) in one or another type of activity, the intensity of expression and brightness of which distinguish him from his peers; gifted children - children who show general or special talent (for music, drawing, technology, etc.).

Ontogenesis - individual development organism throughout its life.

Pragmatic position - installation of the individual on activities that bring practical benefits to him.

subject activity - activity in the course of which a person discovers the socially developed purpose of objects and ways of their application. Subject activity is leading at an early age.

Vocation- the life purpose and orientation of a person, giving expediency, meaningfulness and perspective of his activity.

Professionalism - high readiness to solve the problems of professional activity, the implementation of its functions. Professionalism is not limited to high level skill, he dealt with everything a large number researchers as a systemic formation, a systemic organization of consciousness (E.A. Klimov, S.V. Kondratieva, A.K. Markova, etc.). The main differences between a professional and an amateur: the ability to predict the processes and phenomena that are in the area of ​​professional activity; understanding the essence of the subject of performance indicators; breadth of outlook, completeness of coverage of the subject of professional activity; degree of creativity, originality, novelty; the speed of the operation, the time for preparatory work (according to V. V. Petrusinsky). Peaks of professionalism, according to experts in the field of acmeology, a person reaches himself. Great importance in mastering professionalism have self-diagnosis, self-motivation, self-correction, self-confidence.

Psyche(from Greek. psychikos- soul) - a property of highly organized matter - the brain, which performs orienting, controlling, adaptive, motivating and meaning-forming functions in behavior and activity.

Psychodiagnostics (from Greek. Psyche- soul and diagnostkos- able to recognize) - a field of psychology that develops methods for identifying and measuring individual psychological characteristics of a person, interpersonal interaction.

Psychological barrier - an internal obstacle of a psychological nature, expressed in inadequate passivity of a person and interfering with the performance of certain actions.

Health psychology - modern science about the psychological causes of health, about the methods and means of its preservation, strengthening and development. P. z. also includes the practice of maintaining human health from conception to death. Its main object is a "healthy" person.

Psychotherapy (from Greek. psych- soul and therapy- care, treatment) - a complex verbal and non-verbal therapeutic effect on a person with many mental, nervous and psychosomatic diseases.

Self-actualization (from lat. actualis- real, real) - deployment of the potential of the individual from himself; full and comprehensive realization by a person of his capabilities, talents, abilities (according to A. Maslow). The concept of S. is one of the main ones in humanistic psychology. Psychological health of a person is largely associated with self-actualization.

Self-regulation (from lat. regular - put in order, adjust) - expedient, relatively adequate to changing conditions, establishing a balance between the environment and the body; self-regulation of the educator - the teacher's management of his mental processes, his own behavior and psychophysical state with the aim of optimal action in difficult pedagogical situations and ensuring professional self-preservation. There are several stages of the process of self-regulation at the personal level: self-knowledge of the individual, acceptance of her personality, choice of the goal and direction of the self-regulation process, choice of methods of personal self-regulation, receiving feedback. The readiness of the teacher for self-regulation contributes to success in his professional self-improvement, personal growth, maintaining health.

sensory parenting - a system of psychological and pedagogical influences aimed at. Mastering sensory standards and methods of sensitive cognition, perceptual actions significantly affects the development of sensations and perception in a child. According to A. V. Zaporozhets, sensory education should be carried out primarily within meaningful activities (manipulations with objects, labor, play, inventive, musical, constructive activities). There are other views on this process (M. Montessori).

Sensory standards - developed by mankind and generally accepted, verbally designated samples of the main varieties of external properties and qualities of objects (colors, sizes, pitches of sounds, etc.).

Socialization - the process and result of the assimilation and active reproduction of social experience by an individual, carried out in communication and activity.

Socio-psychological observation - the ability of a person to adequately perceive, understand and evaluate the communication of surrounding people with each other and their relationship to them.

social expectations - awareness and experience by the individual of his duties, the requirements that apply to him as the performer of a certain social role. The teacher seeks to meet the expectations of children, colleagues, parents, leaders.

Status sociometric - the position of the subject in the system of interpersonal relations of the group, which determines his rights, duties and privileges.

Stereotype- template, copy.

Stereotyping (from Greek. stereos- hard and typos- imprint) is one of the important characteristics of interpersonal and intergroup perception; the process of attributing similar features to all members of a social group (or community) without sufficient awareness of the possible (existing) differences between them.

Subject- an individual (or social group) having its own internal activity, acting, knowing, transforming reality, other people and oneself.

Temperament (from lat. temperamentum- the proper ratio of parts, proportionality) - the characteristic of the individual from the side of his dynamic features; individually peculiar set of dynamic manifestations of the psyche. The physiological basis of temperament is the type of higher nervous activity. I. P. Pavlov identified three main characteristics nervous system(strength, mobility, balance) and four main combinations of these properties: strong, unbalanced, mobile - "unrestrained" type; strong, balanced, mobile - "alive"; strong, balanced, inactive - "calm"; "weak" type. The “unrestrained” type underlies the choleric temperament, the “live” one is the sanguine one, the “calm” one is the phlegmatic one, the “weak” one is the melancholic one. Further studies of temperament revealed its other psychological properties: sensitivity (sensitivity), reactivity, activity, emotional excitability, plasticity and rigidity, extraversion and introversion, the pace of mental reactions. The entire composition of the properties of temperament does not arise immediately, but in a certain sequence, which is due both to the general laws of maturation of higher nervous activity and the psyche as a whole, and to the specific laws of maturation of each type of nervous system.

job satisfaction - a positively colored mental state of a person, arising on the basis of the correspondence of his hopes, expectations, needs, attitudes with the consequences and results of labor activity. Satisfaction with work is a prerequisite for the productivity of labor activity, a significant condition for maintaining and strengthening psychological health. Satisfaction with the work of a teacher is significantly influenced by the system of relations that has developed in the process of his professional interaction with pupils and their parents, with colleagues and leaders; socio-psychological climate in a preschool institution (school); availability of prospects for professional growth; working conditions, its organization; opportunities for creativity, self-actualization; performance evaluation by parents, colleagues, administration, encouragement (material, moral), etc.

empathy(from Greek. empatheia- empathy) - a person's ability to empathize and sympathize with other people, to understand their internal states.

halo effect- distribution in conditions of lack of information about a person of a general evaluative impression of him on the perception of his actions and personal qualities.

"I-concept"- relatively stable, quite conscious, experienced as a unique system of a person's ideas about himself as a subject of his life and activity, on the basis of which he builds relationships with others, relates to himself, acts and behaves.

Reviewers:

doctor of pedagogical sciences, professor E. G. Silyaeva; Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor N. A. Aminov

Kodzhaspirova G. M., Kodzhaspirov A. YU.

K 57 Pedagogical Dictionary: For students. higher and avg. ped. textbook establishments. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2003. - 176 p.

ISBN 5-7695-0445-5

The dictionary contains about 1000 terms, the knowledge of which is necessary when studying the course of pedagogy. It also includes definitions of concepts from related disciplines - psychology, philosophy, sociology.

The manual can be useful to anyone who is interested in the education and training of the younger generation.

UDC 820.091(075.8) BBK 74.00ya73

ISBN 5-7695-044S-5

© Kodzhaspirova G. M., Kodzhaspirov A. Yu., 2000 © Publishing Center "Academy", 2000 The tasks of pedagogy are to make science understandable and assimilated so as to make it speak in simple, ordinary language.

A. Herzen

There is no work that would contain more defects than the DICTIONARY, and also there is no one that would be more capable of continuous improvement.

A. Rivarol

Foreword

In recent years, there has been a process of rethinking the conceptual apparatus of pedagogy. The return to humanistic origins again makes the central figure of pedagogical interaction child. The subject-subject nature of the modern pedagogical paradigm, the development of the latest technology of the pedagogical process have made the relationship between pedagogy and psychology, pedagogy and sociology, pedagogy and philosophy even more significant and enriched the pedagogy of education and upbringing of the younger generation with new terminology, which could not but be reflected in this publication. In addition, the transformation of many secondary pedagogical educational institutions into the first stage of higher education raised the theoretical level of teaching in them. This primarily affected pedagogical disciplines, and their study will be difficult without students mastering modern psychological and pedagogical terminology, in particular, concepts that have entered pedagogy relatively recently or have not been used due to the authoritarian system that prevailed until recently. The authors of this dictionary, addressed primarily to students of pedagogical educational institutions and, of course, of interest to teachers, made an attempt to explain the main terms of the course "Pedagogical theories, systems and technologies (pedagogy)", which are most often used by both modern researchers and practitioners. . At the same time, it should be noted that the interpretation of a number of concepts is still very conditional.

It is quite obvious that when preparing the vocabulary of the publication, it was impossible to cover all the concepts and bring them into a single, consistent integrity. Yes, in our opinion, this is not necessary. Actually pedagogical concepts are revealed from the positions holistic pedagogical process, At the same time, the authors sought to ensure that the formulations were, above all, accurate, clear and complete.

When selecting terms for this publication, various dictionaries, monographs, textbooks, methodological manuals, scientific collections and articles from periodicals containing the latest psychological and pedagogical vocabulary were used. The main sources are listed in the bibliography at the end of the book. The dictionary does not include terms, the understanding of which is not difficult and which, as a rule, are interpreted in the same way by the authors of various manuals on pedagogy.

If a word has several meanings, they are indicated by numbers. When clarifying the meaning of the concept, explanations go through a semicolon. The words in the title of the article are indicated in the text by the initial letter (for example, in the article "Activity" - D., in the article "Educational work" - V. r., etc.).

The book uses the usual reference edition abbreviations. Relationships between dictionary entries are traced through the cluster arrangement of terms following in alphabetical order after base word and highlighted in bold or a link to the corresponding entries in the dictionary.